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External sources (not reviewed)

Focusing ODA in the least developed countries should not make middle-income countries “orphans of aid”, in effect penalizing them for progressing towards the Millennium Development Goals.

Looking back to the causes and epiphenomena of Kosovo’s humanitarian crisis (which the present Advisory Opinion of the Court just briefly refers to, while avoiding any examination whatsoever of the relevant facts which led to it), the deprivation of Kosovo’s autonomy (previously secured by the Constitution of 1974) in 1989, paved the way for the cycle of systematic discrimination, utmost violence and atrocities which victimized large segments of the population of Kosovo, along one decade (1989-1999), leading to the adoption of a series of resolutions by the main political organs of the United Nations, and culminating in the adoption of Security Council resolution 1244(1999).

Nevertheless, since the establishment of the United Nations more than half a century ago, millions of children, women and men have been victims of atrocities resulting from the use of force, crimes of genocide, illegal intervention and more than 60 wars on different continents, including the wars in Grenada, Korea, Panama, Somalia, Suez, Viet Nam and the former Yugoslavia, as well as the current war in Iraq in its various aspects and the war in Afghanistan.

[...] [...] becoming victims of trafficking or [...] [...]

It is imperative for the Security Council not to step into the same situation in which it was once misused as a tool of high-handedness and hegemony of the United States by giving legitimacy to its armed invasion into Iraq, based on a single word of lies of Powell, United States Secretary of State, in February 2003.

[...] [...] either in exile as refugees throughout [...] [...]

In addition, the annexed text does not address situations in which the succession of States does not occur by mutual agreement and cases are therefore delayed: in such cases, individuals become hostages of the situation and are left stateless during the process in which State A may have ceased to exist, but State B has yet to be recognized.

[...] [...] xenophobes and racists, victimized by unscrupulous employers and sexual predators, and can easily fall prey to criminal traffickers [...]

To this end, school should foster pupils’ critical thinking about the various expressions of human sexuality and interpersonal relations, without reducing the topic to a biological approach (reproduction).

In many parts of the world, especially Africa, the HIV/AIDS pandemic has forced older women, already living in difficult circumstances, to take on the added burden of caring for children and grandchildren with HIV/AIDS and for grandchildren orphaned by AIDS.

However, continued macroeconomic prudence and enhanced efforts must be deployed to address the debt problem of the landlocked developing countries, as several of them may be at risk of debt distress on account of the global financial and economic crisis.

Accounts reveal that women and girls have been abducted and held as sexual slaves both by FARDC members and other armed actors, and have been subject to collective rapes for weeks and months, often accompanied by additional atrocities.

People in dire economic situations are easily prey to polarization, extremism, violence and conflicts.

The important gains made by countries in special situations in achieving internationally agreed development goals were in danger of reversal; and well-performing economies were being pushed into the ranks of those deemed to be in special situations because of serious financial and economic distress.

Without waiting for or excluding the results of prosecutions and disciplinary proceedings, it is necessary to adopt preventive measures, publicly recognize the facts (without exposing or re-victimizing victims) and ensure reparations and minimum guarantees of non-repetition.

Special measures have been adopted to avoid that unaccompanied minors become victims of exploitation.

Comprehensive approaches need to include due attention to social and economic issues, such as unemployment and poverty, that contribute to the circumstances that render members of socially marginalized groups vulnerable to becoming drug users and victims or perpetrators of crime (A/64/120, para. 32).

(a) Ensure that children who are not nationals of the State party and who may be victims of offences under the Optional Protocol have adequate access to procedures of refugee and victim protection and have their individual situation examined before being sent back to their country of origin, even if it is on a voluntary basis; (b) Develop comprehensive procedures for the early identification of child

China viewed the UN primarily as an instrument for the U.S. and USSR to expand their respective Cold War spheres of influence.

It was an instrument of liberation for women, in that it abolished polygamy and divorce by decree, and repudiated customs and traditions that had relegated women to a less-than-fully-human status.

The Committee also recommended the government of Uganda to include in peace negotiations measures of accountability, redress and rehabilitation for women and girls who have been victims of violence, including enslavement, in those conflicts (A/57/38).

Some jobs drive women into prostitution or sexual exploitation though the women serving in this sector earn relatively high wages.

(e) To address impunity from different viewpoints, whether in terms of State responsibility and/or individual criminal responsibility, and enable the totality of the United Nations system, especially the Security Council, to take measures to prevent egregious violations, protect people from victimization and provide them with effective redress, with due regard for the call for broad-based participation of people in governance and government.

Concerned by the increasing number of child-headed households, in particular those headed by orphaned girls, including those orphaned by the HIV and AIDS pandemic

[...] [...] people in the country a refugee or [...]

[...] Vietnam that became a French protectorate [...]

Under article 23 of the African Charter, States shall take “all appropriate measures” to ensure that children seeking or holding refugee status, as well as those who are internally displaced due to events including “natural disaster” are able to “receive appropriate protection and humanitarian assistance in the enjoyment of the rights set out in this Charter and other international human rights and humanitarian instruments to which the States are Parties”.

[...] [...] conflict and the militarization of territories and, in this [...] [...]

It is also concerned at the high rate of children who are victims of sexual abuse and the lack of information on the exact nature of these cases, and that they seem not to have been properly investigated and prosecuted.