downturn

A CENTRAL lesson of the Great Depression was that economies mired in deep downturns seldom recover quickly on their own.

But such downturns are more severe in countries with the Anglo-Saxon sort of financial system, because their lending is more procyclical.

During past downturns in what has always been a highly cyclical industry, the plane makers have suffered along with their customers.

Unlike in past downturns, when New York's recovery lagged well behind that of the nation, this time round the city is doing relatively well.

Cathay, like most of its rivals around the world, is struggling to cope with one of the worst downturns to hit the airline industry.

Still, economic downturns seem to be hitting children in poor countries the hardest, and researchers say the impact can last a lifetime.

Housing downturns have a strong dynamism, which is not easy to break.

So far, the pattern of job losses in this recession resembles that of the early post-war downturns (starting in 1948, 1953 and 1957).

Unlike in past downturns, the government's fiscal position was strong enough to allow it to pump up spending to see off trouble.

This time around, online companies are widely expected to benefit, with traditional media bearing the brunt of any downturns in advertising.

During past downturns in what has always been a highly cyclical industry, the planemakers have suffered along with their customers.

For now, China's buoyant market is strong enough to help the industry weather traditional seasonal downturns.

The character should have reasonable stockpiles of supplies, and is able to weather major crises or extended downturns in fortune.

It is not supposed to be like this for lawyers, even during the worst of downturns.

High-end fashion turns out to be more susceptible to downturns than leather goods or other accessories.

But if households do not save in downturns, how likely are they to save as the economy recovers and euphoria kicks in?

In past downturns, she said, companies 'would go into the misery zone' before laying off workers.

And a quick labor-market recovery would be a break from what has happened in recent downturns.

Export-dependent coastal cities in mainland China have had the steepest downturns in their real estate markets.

This can cause problemswhen trying to compare the depth of downturns in different cycles or acrossdifferent countries.

indeed, previous attempts to avoid downturns may have created the conditions for this recession to be especially severe.

The birth-death model was designed for a growing economy and during downturns overestimates the number of new jobs created.

In previous downturns, state government employment has been a relatively safe haven.

Contrary to the popular perception, small businesses do not just hibernate during economic downturns.

It said most of those still had jobs due to "labour hoarding" , jargon for a reluctance to sack staff during downturns.

They note that housing downturns often take several years to hit bottom, and that high prices have sidelined many would-be buyers.

But industry executives, still shaken by one of the sector's worst downturns ever, argue that too much uncertainty remains for the future.

Whether downturns on balance help or hurt entrepreneurs depends therefore on the relative strength of these opposing sets of forces.

Economic cycles are part of a nation's, company's and individual's lives; upturns and downturns are part of the same circle.

In recent economic downturns, Japan has been able to lean on its auto industry to offset declines elsewhere.

By contrast, fiscal stimuli by countries with moderate debt levels had proved to be "particularly helpful" in fighting such downturns.

But what makes China so functional and able to weather worldwide downturns could also become its undoing.

And that, in turn, can help ensure better educated, healthier citizens as well as provide a cushion in the event of market downturns.

As ever, New Orleans relies heavily on tourism, with its low-paying jobs and vulnerability to economic downturns.

The findings run counter to what had previously been thought about drinking habits during economic downturns.

U. S. small-company stocks, which tend to perform well coming out of economic downturns, earned higher marks than three months ago.

The protectionist lobbies that have wreaked havoc during past economic downturns are weaker or more ambivalent this time round.

For nearly 30 years, Taylor points out, the few downturns the U. S. has suffered have, in historical terms, been both short and shallow.

Especially in response to economic downturns, enterprises are exploring virtual worlds to augment their existing collaboration environments.

In most downturns, luxury property holds its value better than the market as a whole.

Even during the worst of times, efficient diversification and portfolio construction can immunise investors from downturns.

Since the 2001 recession, however, the labour force has not grown as robustly as after previous downturns.

During business downturns, it is not unusual for a business to lay off workers for extended periods of time .

Bull markets eventually follow these downturns , but again, the term " eventually " offers small sustenance in the midst of the downdraft .

Policymakers have responded to successive economic downturns in essentially the same Keynesian way since the 1950s.

But they had experienced past market downturns, while some of the bankers and analysts caught flat-footed knew only good times.

While some kept plants working through past downturns, most are now reluctant to push unwanted vehicles on to dealership forecourts.

Wall Street firms, which often retrench in downturns, have been nudged down the rankings.

And climate caused famines, economic downturns, and catastrophic human events far more often than did any of the other 14 variables.

Few economists would blame either the Bush or Obama administrations for running some degree of budget deficit during economic downturns.

The narrower the scope of your funds, the greater the risk of outsize losses during market downturns.

With respect to both monetary and fiscal policy, tightening in the cyclical upturns never matched the vigour of the easing in the downturns.

In the last two U. S. downturns , firms continued shedding jobs for months after the recession was officially over.

But look at all the phenomenal companies and brands that were born in downturns, names like iPod, GE and Federal Express.

The country's subsequent growth this year has allowed it to skirt technical recession as measured by two consecutive quarterly downturns.

In the previous two U. S. downturns, M&A activity peaked shortly before the recession began and then bottomed about two years later.

His analysis casts a particularly bright light on the cyclical downturns that we call recessions, or in extreme cases depressions.

Previous economic downturns have not been as keenly felt in the city but the current slump is having a pronounced affect.

Until the Lehman failure the recession was pretty typical of the modest downturns of the post-war period.

In previous downturns, consumers mostly kept spending, thanks in large part to easily available credit from banks and credit-card companies.

All recessions have cultural and social effects, but in major downturns the changes can be profound.

One of the most salient features of severe downturns is that they tend to accelerate deep economic shifts that are already under way.

able level of private sector debt is the main factor explaining the present severe downturn, as well as many previous downturns in history.

Moreover, higher capital requirements may not prevent banks from tightening the screws on the economy during downturns.

Production is being curtailed more rapidly than in previous downturns, '' Citigroup said. ``Supply cuts will stabilize prices.

These sectors are shielded more from financial downturns, depending less on discretionary consumer income.

Historically, however, downturns have prompted Americans to shun foreigners, not welcome them.

We have had to cope with not one, but two economic downturns in the past five years.

The pertinent argument is that they would be hurt by much less than in previous American downturns.

In previous downturns, some regions remained relatively strong, and attracted workers from other areas.

Maintain a culture of confidence as insurance against the inevitable downturns.

Yet the growth of emerging economies is unlikely to continue at the same rapid pace or without occasional downturns.

Structural changes in Europe's labour markets suggest that jobs will go faster than in previous downturns.

In past downturns productivity has tended to fall, because firms have been slow to make cuts to their workforce.

Investors face the prospect of much steeper losses on the debts of distressed companies in the credit crunch than in previous downturns.

Typically banks impose savings during downturns, with Goldman Sachs ending free fruit after the dotcom bubble burst.

Such changes tend to occur in downturns, but this time they may be especially pronounced.

Economic downturns, Mr. Keynes and Mr. Samuelson taught us, occur when the aggregate demand for goods and services is insufficient.

Entrepreneurial firms will displace market leaders, as they have in past downturns.

It is chilling that such huge deteriorations in public finances are still not enough to prevent deep and prolonged downturns.

Advocates for small business argue that it is a mainstay of employment, even in economic downturns.

The situation is made worse by economic downturns in the United States and Europe, the main buyers of Asian goods.

Brown will use his speech to criticise governments that cut spending and investment during downturns.

It's the stuff of bank runs, stock-market crashes and once-in-a-century economic downturns.

Regulators can lower capital ratios during downturns and raise them during good economic times.

In the Darwinian world of capitalism, during downturns plenty of weaker operators cease trading or choose to sell up.

The declining rates of 2009 may help people shake off the idea that crime rises during economic downturns.

But Mr. Buckingham said that people in Asia had been through downturns before and would get through this one, too.

Downturns also funnel people into different jobs from those they might otherwise have entered.

The rates climb even higher during economic downturns when employment opportunities become harder to find.

The council had long focused on gold jewelry , which represented over 80% of demand but exposed the industry to economic downturns.

identify actions -- including monitoring of early warning signs -- that can help mitigate the negative impact of economic downturns.

The declining rates may help people to shake off the idea that crime rises during economic downturns.

In previous downturns, businesses have cut back on overseas assignments to reduce costs.

In the downturns of the 1980s and early 1990s, many millions of workers were bundled into early retirement or on to disability schemes.

Downturns don't usually leave long-term marks on an economy.

That is why Asian countries had some of the largest downturns and steepest upturns in the Great Recession and the following recovery.

Cyclical downturns tend to increase the average duration of unemployment.

Oscillators work great in trading ranges, where they catch upturns and downturns.

I have run a company for 23 years; I am accustomed to tough competition and downturns. But I cannot simply accept decline.

Experience in other countries shows that serious asset-price busts often lead to economic downturns lasting several years.

The numbers underscore a trend that has occurred in previous economic downturns.

Beijing has handled economic downturns reasonably well, but it will be hard pressed to deal with something bigger than the crash of 2008.

Honesty is simplest and best, instead of exaggerating job titles or elaborating falsely on career downturns.

He says drug companies are relatively well-protected in economic downturns.

Veterans of earlier downturns say the cost-cutting this time has been relatively restrained.

This undergrowth not only made subsequent downturns more dangerous; it also made the available policy instruments less reliable in response.

People are by far Wall Street's biggest cost, so mass cutbacks are common during profit downturns.

History suggests downturns in that market last for years, rather than months.

Under such harsh economic downturns, working class can hardly make ends meet.

Downturns that follow a financial crisis are typically long and deep (see table).

But South Africa has weathered downturns and currency knocks before.

In previous downturns, Asians were forced to take nasty medicine.

That pushed down prices of copper, zinc and nickel more rapidly than in previous downturns .

That lagging drop is a shift in the way jobs respond to downturns that economists worry will continue.

In past downturns, the resilience of consumer spending has saved the day.

2011 has seen more than its fair share of disruption, disasters, downturns, and social turmoil.

Ultimately, this evolution will make [their] investments less vulnerable to market downturns.

Big budget holes have opened because of deep economic downturns: revenues tumbled while payments to the unemployed increased.

Even in downturns, people will still marry and be drawn to home ownership.

After all, upturns always occur after downturns.

Nevertheless, even big downturns represent only pauses in long-run progress if we keep the engines of long-term growth in place.

She has experienced many downturns, but fears this one is untenable for workers and leaders alike.

According to Keynes, the root cause of economic downturns is insufficient aggregate demand.

The low fees it charges users mean revenue holds up even in downturns.

On both occasions, and after the mid-1970s export embargo, there were global economic downturns.

Many of the world's rich economies have healthier budgets than before other recent downturns.

During downturns, the strong get stronger and the weak fade away.

But the industry has been through downturns before, and each time "changes were made and private equity came back stronger. "

Before the 1930s all economic downturns were commonly called depressions.

At the same time, one-sided and unduly hasty adjustment would exacerbate the downturns in the eurozone and world economies.

That is close to the 0. 9% average at the equivalent stage of the six previous downturns. But the drop in output has been milder.

Those downturns, he notes, 'had real GDP recoveries the first two years averaging 4. 7% and 6. 5% respectively. '

During previous downturns, unemployment in America has risen more sharply than elsewhere but then fallen more quickly, too.

A single element linked these six big downturns.

Corrections can be caused by economic downturns or by some kind of unexpected event, such as the Russian debt crisis of 1998.

It's a fact of life that downturns and recessions often lead to layoffs.

It is worth noting that 16 of the 30 companies in the Dow Jones Industrial Average started in downturns. Will your business be number 17?

So in these downturns , lawsuits go up for all kinds of reasons .

Some specific regions had suffered downturns: prices in Texas, for example, fell during the Savings and Loans debacle of the late 1980s.

During the past quarter-century, the world's most powerful economy has suffered only two official downturns, in 1990-91 and 2001.

Past downturns have been mere blips compared with the losses Americans faced last year, which set them back to below 2004 levels.

It rivals the junk bond crisis of 1989-90, the most severe of the industry downturns in the past 20 years.

Economic downturns do often send people streaming back to school, and this one is no exception.

In the severe downturns of 1973-75 and 1981-82 pay grew steadily, despite plunging output.

The record for the longest recession in the postwar period is 16 months, which was reached in the 1973-75 and 1981-82 downturns.

Suicide increase linked to economic downturns