Iatrogenic causes include: dental instrumentation, general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation, spirometry.
医源性因素包括：牙科器械、气管插管行全身麻醉、肺活量测定。
2
Objectives: To evaluate the analgesic effect of electronic dentalanesthesia(EDA).
的：评价牙科电子麻醉在窝洞制备和开髓过程中的镇痛效果。
3
The utility model discloses a clamp for preoperative anesthesia of gingiva, pertaining to devices for preoperative anesthesia of gingiva in the medical dental apparatus.