The average extra loss was then used to rank the five price frames. Shoppers were worst off under drip pricing, followed by time-limited offers, baiting, sales and complex pricing.

Since the pillars that normally separate the front and rear doors have been eliminated, the load space is enlarged, but extra structural members were added to compensate for the loss of stiffness.

Punishment included extra duty, loss of pay and a reduction in rank from a private first class to private 1.