The physiological and biochemical change of host during initial interaction phase between LA-toxin and suspension cell were studied by using suspension cell within logarithmic growth phase.

When guinea-worm disease is eradicated, this will be the first disease kicked out of its human host, not by a powerful vaccine, but by health education and behaviour change.

Oscars organizers have already confirmed one change by announcing Australian actor Hugh Jackman as the host of the show, a departure from the recent tradition of popular comedians acting as compere.