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External sources (not reviewed)

The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that fewer than 5% of those who require treatment for HIV/AIDS are receiving ARVs.

The minimum annual costs of ARV therapies, even at deeply discounted or generic prices which do not cover R&D costs, far exceed the annual health expenditure per capita of most developing countries.

[...] [...] countries to use compulsory licensing to obtain neededpharmaceuticals from a producer located in their [...]

[...] [...] metalloprotease (virulentfactor) is neutralized by a2 macroglobulin, a natural anti-protease that is in theblood.

Current per capita health expenditures in low income developing countries average $23 per year, but the most inexpensive ARV triple therapies are now just over $200 per year.9 Thus, without extra funding for medicines and health delivery services, treatment for all those requiring it will remain unaffordable even at the cheapest generic prices.

The main adverse effects in human after long-term ingestion of inorganic arsenic are cancer, skin lesions, cardiovascular disease, neurotoxicity anddiabetes.

By the end of 2009, approximately 87 per cent of refugees in need of antiretroviral treatment had access to it, and 75 per cent of pregnant women had access to prevention of mother-to-child transmission programmes.

Sector standards have been developed and implemented: “Palliative treatment of the persons infected with HIV and AIDS” (2001), “Treatment with antiretroviral medicine specific for persons infected with HIV and AIDS and the prophylaxis of transmission of the mother-child HIV infection, professional exposure” (2001 and 2003), “Epidemiologic supervision of the HIV/AIDS infection” (2002); Instructions on the organisation of the antiepidemiologic programme in the AIDS, hepatitis and other viral infections laboratories and diagnosis sections” (2004), The module “HIV and AIDS infections with mother-child transmission” (2004), Methodological Guide “Before and after HIV test counselling” (2005).

There is evidence from some countries that the introduction of patents (for example in Italy in 1978) or strengthening the regime, as in Canada in the 1990s, by increasing the market power of foreign multinationals, will result in the consolidation and restructuring of the domestic industry.

After some discussion, the Chairperson put forward a proposal to the Commission to lift the restriction on the use of the LPS in products in international trade, but to reconfirm its previous decision that the most appropriate method for preservation was refrigeration and that the LPS be considered as an alternative only where refrigeration was not possible.

The treatment of HIV with antiretrovirals (ARVs), or drugs to treat opportunistic infections associated with the disease, raises the affordability issue acutely.

The identification of HIV was a prerequisite for the antiretroviral treatment we have available today, as well as improved prevention strategies.

One of our studies indicated that or 12 drugs covering a range of conditions US prices range from four to 56 times the price of equivalent formulations in India, and yet still a large number of people in India cannot obtain access to them.47 However, studies of multinational company pricing policies (mainly for ARVs) indicate that until recently there was remarkably little correlation between the price of the same drug and a country’s per capita income.

Another study demonstrates that exposure to Epoxomicin and other proteasomeinhibitors leads to dopaminergic cell death, producing a model of Parkinson's disease in vivo.

With the introduction of free antiretroviral medicine, the death rate had also dropped.

This enzymeis found for example in tears, and [...]

Participated in a number of meetings, including “Deterrence model of intervention — quality decriminalization of drug use” at the National Congress of the Institute on Drugs and Drug Addiction (2009), the closing ceremony of the first Criminal and Social Sciences Seminar with the Association of the European and Mediterranean Police Forces and Gendarmeries with Military Status (FIEP) (2006), “Victims of terrorism: the response psychosocial of the security forces” (2006), in addition to seminars on drug addiction by the commissions for the drug deterrence of the Presidency of the Council of Ministers (2001); Chair of the panel ondrugs and drug addicts at a seminar on drug users and offenders in the penal system, organized by the Pompidou Group of the Council of Europe, Strasbourg (1998).

[...] [...] mechanisms for AIDS drugs, theWHO has this year produced the first treatment guidelines for using ARVs in poor settings and issued a list of manufacturers and products (including eleven ARVs) which [...]

[...] [...] on itsEssentialDrugs List.61 There is [...][...]

For instance, between July 2000 and April 2002 the annual cost of a branded triple therapy ARV combination fell from over $10000 to just over $700 for selected groups of consumers.

Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor δ (PPARδ) agonists (e.g. GW 1516) and PPARδ-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) axis agonists (e.g. AICAR) have been re-categorized as substances that modify cellular metabolism.

[...] [...] Hygiene;or d) Food poisoning cases occurring in [...]