first-hand
/ˈfɜːsthænd/adjective & adverb
- (of information or experience) from the original source or personal experience; direct（信息, 经验）第一手的; 亲身的; 直接的：
as adj. first-hand accounts of activities behind the enemy lines敌后活动的直接报道
as adv. data which is obtained first-hand from customers.来自顾客的第一手资料。
短语
at first hand
- directly or from personal experience直接地; 亲身地：
scientists observed the process at first hand.
科学家们直接观察了这一过程。