1
- in the absence of无, 没有：
he went to Sweden without her.
他独自去了瑞典, 没带她。
1.1
- not having the use or benefit of没使用：
the first person to make the ascent without oxygen.
没携带氧气登山的第一人。
1.2
- often with verbal noun in circumstances in which the action mentioned does not happen不, 不曾：
they sat looking at each other without speaking.
他们坐着, 相对无语。
2
- archaic or poetic/literary outside〈古或诗/文〉在…的外部（面）：
the barbarians without the gates.
门外的野蛮人。
- archaic or poetic/literary outside〈古或诗/文〉在外面, 在外部：
the enemy without.
外面的敌人。
1
- archaic or dialect without it being the case that〈古或方〉不那样的话：
he won't be able to go without we know it.
在我们不知道的情况下, 他就不能走。
1.1
- unless除非, 如果不：
I'd never have known you without you spoke to me.
如果当时你没和我说话, 我就永远不会认识你。
短语
词源
Old English withūtan 'on the outside'.