- with obj. score or mark the surface of (something) with a sharp or pointed object刮擦：
the car's paintwork was battered and scratched
汽车的油漆被刮擦得斑驳不堪
no obj. he scratched at a stain on his jacket.他刮擦着夹克衫上的污渍。
- make a long, narrow superficial wound in the skin of划伤皮肤：
her arms were scratched by the thorns
她的双臂被荆棘划伤了
I scratched myself on the tree.
我被树划伤了。
- rub (a part of one's body) with one's fingernails to relieve itching搔痒：
Jessica lifted her sunglasses and scratched her nose.
杰西卡抬了抬太阳镜揉揉鼻子。
- with obj. and adverbial make (a mark or hole) by scoring a surface with a sharp or pointed object刺, 戳, 刻：
I found two names scratched on one of the windowpanes.
我发现其中一面窗玻璃上刻着两个名字。
- write (something) hurriedly or awkwardly（匆忙或笨拙地）写：
pass me my writing things - I'll scratch a few letters before I get up.
把我的纸和笔递过来-我准备起床前赶写几封信。
- with obj. and adverbial remove (something) from something else by pulling a sharp implement over it刮去：
he scratched away the plaster.
他刮去了石膏。
- no obj. make a rasping or grating noise by scraping something over a hard surface发出刮擦声：
the dog scratched to be let in
狗嚓嚓地扒门想进去
as noun scratching there was a sound of scratching behind the wall.墙后面有刮擦声。
- no obj. [often as noun scratching] play a record using the scratch technique (see sense 1 of the noun below)（用刮擦技法）播放唱片（见后面名词义项1）。
- no obj.(of a bird or mammal, especially a chicken) rake the ground with the beak or claws in search of food（鸟、哺乳动物, 尤指鸡）用嘴（或爪子）扒地找食物。
- no obj.
scratch for
search for (someone or something that is hard to locate or find)寻觅（难找的人或物）： he's still scratching around for a woman to share his life.
他还在四处寻找可以与其共同生活的女人。
- accomplish (something) with great effort or difficulty奋力完成：
Tabitha wondered how long the woman had been scratching a living on the waterways.
塔比瑟不知道那个女人已经靠这条水道坚持生活多久了。
- no obj.
scratch along
make a living with difficulty艰难生活： many architects now scratch along doing loft conversions.
现在许多建筑师靠改建阁楼维持生计。
- with obj. cancel or strike out (writing) with a pen or pencil划掉：
the name of Dr McNab was scratched out and that of Dr Dunstaple substituted.
麦克纳布博士的名字被划掉了, 代替他的是登斯特布尔博士。
- withdraw (a competitor) from a competition取消（选手）参赛资格：
Jolie's Halo was scratched from a minor stakes race at Monmouth Park.
若利的哈罗被取消了参加蒙茅斯公园少年下赌注马赛的资格。
- no obj.(of a competitor) withdraw from a competition（选手）退出比赛：
due to a knee injury she was forced to scratch from the race.
由于膝盖受伤, 她不得不退出比赛。
- cancel or abandon (an undertaking or project)取消; 放弃（任务, 项目）：
banks seem prepared to scratch stabilization charges.
银行似乎准备放弃稳值收费。
- a mark or wound made by scratching划伤, 擦伤：
the scratches on her arm were throbbing
她手臂上的划伤阵阵抽痛
as modifier scratch marks on the window.窗上的划痕。
- in sing. informal a slight or insignificant wound or injury〈非正式〉轻伤：
it's nothing - just a scratch.
没什么-一点擦伤。
- in sing. an act or spell of scratching oneself to relieve itching搔痒：
he gave his scalp a good scratch.
他使劲地挠头皮。
- a rasping or grating noise produced by something rubbing against a hard surface划擦声：
the scratch of a match lighting a cigarette.
划着火柴点烟。
- mass noun a rough hiss, caused by the friction of the stylus in the groove, heard when a record is played唱片的嚓嚓声（指唱片纹道与唱针的摩擦噪声）。
- mass noun a technique, used especially in rap music, of stopping a record by hand and moving it back and forwards to give a rhythmic scratching effect刮擦（多用于快板乐中, 用手制止唱片转动, 使其来回移动发出有节奏的嚓嚓声的技巧）。
- mass noun the starting point in a handicap for a competitor receiving no odds让步赛中没有取得让步条件的运动员（参赛者）的起始点。
- ORIGIN: originally denoting a boundary or starting line for sports competitors.
- Golf a handicap of zero, indicating that a player is good enough to achieve par on a course【高尔夫】零让步（表明选手不弱, 能在场上达到规定击球的次数）。
- mass noun informal money〈非正式〉钱：
he was working to get some scratch together.
他正在干活攒钱。
- assembled or made from whatever is available, and so unlikely to be of the highest quality仓促拼凑的; 匆匆组成的：
City were fielding a scratch squad.
城市队派遣上场的是一支临时凑合的球队。
- (of a sports competitor or event) with no handicap given（选手, 赛事）没有让步优待的。
from scratch
- from the very beginning, especially without utilizing or relying on any previous work for assistance从零开始, 从头做起; 白手起家：
he built his own computer company from scratch.
他白手起家, 建起了自己的电脑公司。
scratch a - and find a -
- used to suggest that an investigation of someone or something soon reveals their true nature指揭露某人或某事真面目的调查除去…的假象你将发现…的本质：
they believe that if you scratch a homophobe, you'll probably find a racist.
他们确信如果你剥去一个厌恶同性恋者的外衣, 一个种族主义者的真面目就会暴露无遗。
scratch one's head
- informal think hard in order to find a solution to something〈非正式〉冥思苦想问题的解答。
- feel or express bewilderment感到（或表示）困惑。
scratch the surface
- deal with a matter only in the most superficial way浅尝; 触及表面：
research has only scratched the surface of the paranormal.
研究仅涉及超正常范围的表面。
- initiate the briefest investigation to discover something concealed进行简短调查：
they have a boring image but scratch the surface and it's fascinating.
它们有种令人生厌的形象, 可是一旦调查起来, 却很令人着迷。
up to scratch
- up to the required standard; satisfactory达到标准的; 令人满意的：
her German was not up to scratch.
她的德语还不行。
you scratch my back and I'll scratch yours
- proverb if you do me a favour, I'll return it〈谚〉你帮我, 我帮你; 投我以桃, 报之以李。