dioxide

Students breathing pure oxygen did not yawn less than those breathing air with higher than normal levels of carbon dioxide.

He said that it is still not clear whether carbon dioxide is the main driver of this change.

You know, breathing high concentrations here of sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide and methane gas, in unequal quantities -- 19 years of this.

When exposed to more carbon dioxide, poison ivy plants produce a more allergenic form of urushiol, the substance that makes skin itch.

At least part of the cause of this extinction seems to have been huge volcanic eruptions that poured carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

Sulfur dioxide has a more venerable history as an air pollutant than any other chemical.

It was badly cold, it had a very thin atmosphere and that atmosphere was mostly carbon dioxide.

So far, the rise in carbon dioxide seems to be fairly smooth over time, but the change in vegetation is jerkier .

More to the point, it'll keep more than half a ton of climate-changing carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere every year.

As Ed Miliband, the UK climate secretary, put it, a limit to carbon dioxide emissions is the "big prize" to be won at Copenhagen.

All that extra carbon dioxide, however, has been a bitter pill for the ocean to swallow.

More than 90 percent of the matter that makes up trees was once water and free-floating atmospheric carbon dioxide.

It also found that such fires produce as much carbon dioxide in a few weeks as California's motor vehicle traffic does in a year.

The concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and ozone also exceed the objectives for a few days in a year.

"The amount of carbon dioxide emitted by an ox per year equals that emitted by a car, " he said.

Despite years of warning, Dr Crutzen saw action on carbon-dioxide emissions getting nowhere; it seemed as if something else was necessary.

Of necessity, figuring out how much carbon dioxide needs to be offset for a large meeting involves choices.

This means there is a limit to how fast plants can grow, and therefore how much carbon dioxide they can absorb, say the researchers.

How much carbon dioxide you save, if any, depends on how far you live from work and how you get there, among other things.

Don't look at it for a moment, we human indispensable to oxygen, the necessity of timely exclusion of carbon dioxide is rely on it to carry.

MBNL prepared by supercritical dioxide method with the best condition had a good magnetic response out of the body.

Do not use a rolling pin , which squeezes the carbon dioxide out of the dough and results in a very boring crust.

The warming effect of these HFCs is at least 1, 000 times that of carbon dioxide.

One gram of carbon combustion can produce exactly how much carbon dioxide'?

Scientists have been trying to advise politicians about finding an acceptable level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

The team has shown that the Omani peridotite absorbs tens of thousands of tonnes of carbon dioxide a year, far more than anyone had thought.

Using wollastonite to fix the carbon-dioxide via carbonation reaction seems to be one of the effective methods.

Another US delegate said informally that US opposition to mandatory cuts in emissions of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide had not changed.

In Shanghai, some of the public buses begin to run on natural gas, which does not give off as much carbon dioxide as the petrol.

As we begin to understand how carbon dioxide controls our climate there's never been a better time to learn lessons from our neighbour.

The invention relates to a device and a method for removing marks on a carbon dioxide vent pipe of a carbon precipitation tank.

These changes are due to an increase in carbon dioxide put into the atmosphere since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.

THE point of carbon markets is to put an efficient price on the right to emit carbon dioxide.

primarily carbon dioxide and methane, have on Earth's temperature when they build up in the atmosphere and trap the sun's heat.

Insufficient amounts of nitrogen gas, they say, will limit plant growth regardless of how much extra carbon dioxide is available.

It can also be difficult to monitor how the money for offsets is used and to calculate how much carbon dioxide is actually saved.

But going to bed early and getting up early can avoid wasting electrical power which causes carbon dioxide emissions.

It's well understood what controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and out of the atmosphere today.

The air there is 95% carbon dioxide. Mars has no ozone layer to screen out the Sun's lethal radiation.

How much carbon dioxide do computers emit?

which are native to the region, do not require much water and are able to sequester large amounts of carbon dioxide.

The oceans are a key part of the natural carbon cycle, in which carbon dioxide is circulated between the land, seas and atmosphere.

These aerosols also influence how much carbon dioxide gets drawn out of the air by plants on land and in the sea.

Greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide and methane, trap heat down near the surface. The result: colder temperatures in the stratosphere .

Well, it's not the lava that kills anything, it's the carbon dioxide that comes out with it.

They used MRI to see how much of the tagged bicarbonate was converted into carbon dioxide within the tumor.

Chlorine dioxide is a strong oxidant and has been used in many fields, such as disinfection, bleach, water treatment technology, etc.

Predicting how much hotter a particular level of carbon dioxide will make the world is impossible.

These simple plants called algae drift near the surface of the ocean and use sunlight to turn carbon dioxide and water into food and oxygen.

But going to bed early and getting up early can avoid wasting electric power which causes carbon dioxide emissions.

All that fire shot so much carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that the planet heated up like an oven and baked the dinos to death.

How much methane and carbon dioxide might be released from the rotting permafrost?

Various entrepreneurial researchers are looking at ways of extracting carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and stashing it out of harm's way.

However, it is so far from the sun that even gases like carbon dioxide are frozen solid.

Most mainstream scientists agree that the recent warming period was caused by an increase in carbon dioxide since the industrial revolution.

He said the increases in carbon dioxide have been caused, principally, by the burning of coal for electric power in India and China.

Iceland's President Olafur Grimsson is trying to drive carbon dioxide underground to 1 its release into the air.

Titanium dioxide pigment (TiO2) is a fine, white powder used in coatings, cosmetic & personal care industry for whiteness and opacity.

Forget cricket bats, golf clubs or carbon dioxide, Australia has found a new weapon in its war on the cane toad: cat food.

But as carbon dioxide builds up in the atmosphere, ocean water becomes more acidic. And shellfish have trouble growing their shells.

Sulfur dioxide is one of the major pollutants in air. Its monitor is of great Significance to environment protection.

So just from the point of view the number of molecules, water vapor greenhouse effect will far more than carbon dioxide.

You can then sit back and let out an impressive burp to impress your friends as the carbon dioxide is vented out of your mouth.

The researchers from California say the change is taking place in response to higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

However, the areas where the dark streaks occur, located in the southern midlatitudes, are too warm for carbon dioxide frost.

The fact that the dangers of carbon dioxide emissions are now recognised is not the end of the problem, though.

Greenpeace, a pressure group, argues that it is impossible to be certain that carbon dioxide will not eventually leak out of the ground.

The company is now reducing carbon dioxide emissions and disclosing energy reduction performance goals.

Global carbon-dioxide emissions have risen by 20% since the protocol was signed in 1997, so the plan has evidently not worked all that well.

This process is possible through the R. B. C. containing hemoglobin which combines easily with oxygen and carbon dioxide.

For the purposes of this invention various impurities in carbon dioxide are analyzed by a sulfur analyzer and a hydrocarbon analyzer.

NOAA created the index since carbon dioxide is not the only greenhouse gas affecting the atmosphere.

Over the next two years, a team of scientists will try to 2 carbon dioxide-charged water into the rock underground.

Oil and coal are the primary sources of carbon dioxide, one of the main gases responsible for trapping heat in the atmosphere.

Although carbon dioxide is usually harmless, a large, rapid release of the gas is worrisome because high concentrations can kill.

It has no carbon dioxide gas added to make it fizz , and it is brewed only from barley, hops and pure clear water.

Carbon dioxide is one of the main greenhouse gases, it has greatly affected human production and living.

An observed long-term increase in the number of these clouds may be due in part to the rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, he says.

Spring on Mars sees plumes of carbon dioxide vaporizing from solid blocks of dry ice as they warm up in the sunlight.

Spills would also be a health risk, since carbon dioxide is heavier than air, and so can build up in low-lying or poorly ventilated spots.

Coal is one of the dirtiest fuels around and a major source of the world's carbon dioxide emissions. It's also hard to live without.

At the moment the amount of energy people use is part of what makes the Anthropocene problematic, because of the carbon dioxide given off.

Replacing one regular light bulb with a compact fluorescent light bulb will save 150 pounds of carbon dioxide a year .

What was happening was this: in its pure state of repeating units of one titanium and two oxygen atoms, titanium dioxide is a semiconductor.

Clean or replace filters on your furnace and air conditioner Cleaning a dirty air filter can save 350 pounds of carbon dioxide a year.

So, he tells Ed Pilkington , carbon dioxide must be sucked out of the air, captured and neutralised.

Cement industry has been a high pollution, high energy-consuming industry as well as a large carbon dioxide emitter.

Sharing a ride with someone just 2 days a week will reduce your carbon dioxide emissions by 1, 590 pounds a year.

Can two Google searches really produce as much carbon dioxide as boiling enough water in an electric kettle for a cup of tea?

The sulfur dioxide can be directly used for preparing acid raw gas and the compounds can be directly used as excellent cement clinker.

' Emerging economies also don't have the same costs as developed nations from regulations on carbon-dioxide emissions, he said.

As trees grow, they suck carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and store it, so a big forest like the Amazon is a carbon "sink. "

He said recent forestation programmes in western China have already helped offset carbon dioxide emissions.

A less risky form of climate engineering would be to gradually remove enough carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to keep the planet cool.

Reduce carbon dioxide emissions, select the "low-carbon life" , is the bounden duty of every citizen.

A lot of people think it a good idea to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide we pump into the atmosphere.

Molecules of carbon dioxide are continuously being exchanged between the atmosphere and water through a process called diffusion.

It generates 3 million tons of carbon dioxide a year, accounting for a quarter of the county's total.

Among the white pigments, precipitated silica had the best light-fastness performance, while titanium dioxide fared the worst.

Instead, titanium dioxide, a naturally-occurring mineral creates a micro-fine barrier on your skin to reflect the sun's harmful rays.

The invention relates to a composite titanium dioxide thin film and a preparation method and an application thereof.

UNDERSTANDING how the oceans absorb carbon dioxide is crucial to understanding the role of that gas in the climate.

As a greenhouse gas, methane is over 20 times more potent than carbon dioxide in trapping the Sun's heat close to the planet.

Sulfur dioxide will form acid rain, can be a strong corrosion of buildings and industrial equipment.

I'm very proud that I'm sequestering carbon dioxide-enough to offset our carbon footprints for a lifetime.

When carbon dioxide from the power stations is mixed with water, the algae soak up much of it, using it as a nutrient.

The simplest, and easiest to bolt on to existing plants, treats carbon dioxide like any other pollutant, and extracts it from the flue gas.

The positive electrode consisted of crushed manganese dioxide with a little carbon mixed in. The negative pole was a zinc rod.

However, when the children inhaled the carbon dioxide-oxygen mix, the hypothalamus' hyperactivity vanished from the MRI scan.

"We're very excited about this technology that may pave the way for a new process for carbon dioxide capture, " Perry said.

Beer is the result of a chemical process that takes place when yeast gobbles up sugars and excretes carbon dioxide and alcohol.

Earth has a natural transport system standing ready to get rid of carbon dioxide.

Wind energy is likely to be a part of the solution to the atmospheric carbon dioxide and the global warming problem.

Current density has no significant effect on the active oxygen content of the lead dioxide deposit.

Only ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun can create such an effect, Rumble says, in the course of breaking down sulfur dioxide gas.

Carbon offset involves a reduction in carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gas emissions made to compensate for emissions elsewhere.

The amine scrubbing is cheaper than usual, since the reaction generates carbon dioxide in a more concentrated form.

A true academic , Prof Hope points out that his is not the only tool for pricing carbon dioxide emissions .

KRONOS is one of the world's largest producers of titanium dioxide pigments used in paints, plastics, paper and consumer goods.

But carbon dioxide is not the only kind of pollution that contributes to global warming.

In most sequestration projects, compressed carbon dioxide is injected into a geologic formation already filled with water.

Closing that efficiency gap would make it possible to produce the same amount of energy with far lower carbon dioxide emissions.

Within a year , China is expected to outpace the US in carbon dioxide emissions .

Its surface temperature matches that of carbon dioxide ice, but might water ice lie underneath ?

Increasing use of fossil fuels means more carbon dioxide is going into the air, and most of it will eventually be absorbed by seawater.

Nobody disputes the fact that the United States remains the Number One carbon dioxide emitter on a per capita basis.

The utility model relates to a pressure controller, particularly to the pressure controller of a chlorine dioxide generator.

The manufacture, marketing situation and development trend of the titanium dioxide industry all over the world are introduced.

The young ambassadors' aim is to get a legally binding, global agreement to cut carbon dioxide emissions by at least 80 percent by 2050.

As Martian winter draws to a close, the bottom layers of seasonal carbon dioxide ice begin to evaporate.

ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION. DETERMINATION OF THE SULPHUR DIOXIDE CONTENT OF THE AMBIENT AIR BY MEANS OF ULTRAVIOLET FLUORESCENCE.

Carbon dioxide is part of the economy of every country on earth.

A trivial one is to argue that because water vapour is such a powerful greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide is unimportant.

On top of that, a lot of methane (a far more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide) emerges when all this food rots.

Adding a battery system to a harbour tug would allow it to be used as a hybrid, greatly reducing fuel and carbon-dioxide emissions.

The invention relates to a solid electrochemistry oxygen pump and a carbon dioxide decomposition method thereof.

Production of concrete's key component, cement, accounts for at least five percent of global carbon dioxide emissions.

Take a little extra time to exhale, since leaving residual carbon dioxide in the lungs can impede the delivery of oxygen on the next inhale.

"Pk" brand series of titanium dioxide, can greatly improve the customer's product quality and be able to meet different customer needs.

Since both of these chemicals are more potent greenhouse gases than carbon dioxide, this effect, too, should help combat global warming.

Manmade carbon dioxide accounts for a bit more than one thousandth of global greenhouse effect.

It is to carbon dioxide as a furnace to a candle: one kilogram of the stuff causes as much warming as 23 tonnes of carbon dioxide.

In the dark reaction, carbon dioxide absorbed by green leaves are not reduced by hydrogen [H] directly.

Carbonation: Addition of carbon dioxide GAS to a beverage, imparting sparkle and a tangy taste and preventing spoilage.

Interesting It is a great idea but it is so far away from what we need do now. Don't drive human as the slave of Carbon Dioxide.

Such a policy would tend to reduce the amount of coal used, because burning coal produces large quantities of carbon dioxide.

Most of the excess heat trapped by greenhouse gasses like carbon dioxide ends up in the oceans.

The polar ice caps are made of frozen water and carbon dioxide, and water may be frozen in the ground as permafrost.

The environmental protester stepped over a knee-high barrier to attach the masks with the word "CO2, " or carbon dioxide.

"It resembles the way nature does it: the molecule carrier transports carbon dioxide across a surface, " he said.

the slurry with sulfur dioxide will be discharged at the bottom of tower to be recycled.

The results of it's application have shown that it can partially replace titanium dioxide or lithopone and reduce production cost as well.

Like the carbon dioxide, some water vapor may have been stripped away by the solar wind.

Plants form themselves literally out of thin air, combining carbon dioxide, water and the energy of sunlight to give themselves substance.

On Venus, all the carbon dioxide remained in the atmosphere, and we ended up with a planet that's baking in its own heat.

In developing this new treatment method, traditional carbon dioxide lasers were modified into a fractional format.

Many scientists believe carbon dioxide is one of the main reasons climate change is accelerating.

Such initiatives would be part of a broader drive to control carbon dioxide emissions from all sources.

Carbon dioxide has a moment where its electrons are not distributed evenly among the molecule, called its quadrupole moment, Hupp said.

In terms of historical emissions, industrialized countries account for roughly80% of the carbon dioxide buildup in the atmosphere to date.

However, carbon dioxide is not the only fossil-fuel by-product to affect the climate.

BOB DOUGHTY: A new report says mangrove forests store more planet-warming carbon dioxide than almost any other ecosystem on Earth.

The breakdown of a portion of this matter by bacteria in the sediment contributes significantly to atmospheric carbon dioxide.

During winter, carbon dioxide condenses out of the atmosphere and forms a frost of dry ice that coats the planet's polar region.

All organisms return carbon dioxide to the air as a product of respiration and of decay.

Exposure to carbon dioxide should also be minimized to avoid damage to the sensor through reaction with the potassium hydroxide electrolyte.

The benefits will also include cutting large amounts of carbon dioxide that would have been released into the atmosphere.

Or perhaps it will be Global Thermostat, which says its "carbon negative" technology can suck carbon dioxide right out of the air.

Developed countries account for 80% of the total global carbon dioxide emissions since the Industrial Revolution over 200 years ago.

Recycle aluminum cans, glass bottles, plastic, and cardboard to reduce your home's carbon dioxide emissions by 850 pounds a year.

The invention discloses cylindrical and barrel-shaped titanium dioxide nanotube arrays and a preparation method and application thereof.

They found a tight coupling between carbon dioxide and sea level rise.

Before he entered the sphere, Blaine inhaled pure oxygen through a mask saturate his blood with oxygen and flush out carbon dioxide.

The developed countries currently emit about 15bn tons of carbon dioxide a year from fossil fuel and industrial processes.

If governments begin to punish the fuels that emit most carbon dioxide, a good portion of that electricity will come from gas.

Carbon dioxide and other gases warm the surface of the planet naturally by trapping solar heat in the atmosphere.

That methane would be an unexpected bounty for methane-munching marine microbes that consume dissolved oxygen and produce carbon dioxide.

Bonded Wafers - Two silicon wafers that have been bonded together by silicon dioxide, which acts as an insulating layer.

Well-buried treasures, which are forcibly converted into a huge amount of carbon dioxide, are being emptied.

Energy firms often call gas a clean fuel: burning it releases roughly half as much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as burning coal does.

In the lower atmosphere, pollutants like sulphur dioxide "rain out" of the air within days.

The organic sulfur mainly exists in the form of sulfur wine, sulfide, sulfur dioxide, thiophene and its derivative etc.

Carbon dioxide and other attractants are released near the trap, which works a little like a sophisticated vacuum cleaner.

There's even senses of time, itching, hunger, and blood carbon dioxide levels, just to name a few -- and there are up to 20.

Water lasts in the atmosphere for a fortnight or so; carbon dioxide stays in the oceans for thousands of years.

In the scant century and a half since then, we've bumped atmospheric carbon dioxide up to 390 ppm.

In the lungs of mammals, air flows in and out of small sacs, where oxygen is extracted and carbon dioxide released.

But it is not so practical for large-scale uses, since the amines are expensive, as is heating them to release the captured carbon dioxide.

In deep water, methane gas oxidizes into carbon dioxide before it reaches the surface.

Aviation is a small but growing contributor to global warming, responsible for 12% of the carbon dioxide emitted by means of transport.

Almost none of the carbon dioxide is captured, partly because there is no profitable way of using it.

THE power plant that heats Congress produces more carbon dioxide than any other facility in Washington, DC.

The idea of storing carbon dioxide under the ocean reminds me of a rather naive idea I once had as a kid.

The thermal conductivity of the phase change material can be improved effectively by using silicon dioxide as a supporting material.

The lung is one of most important parts of our bodies. It furnish our blood with oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide and water.

But I am only highlighting the fact that the entire meat cycle is very very intensive, in terms of carbon dioxide emissions.

Barron said he only needed to use "a pinch" of the silicon dioxide.

This is not to say that they could not function more efficiently if the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air was higher.

Carbon dioxide at higher than normal concentration is one way of experimentally inducing panic in animals as well as in humans.

Right now it seems like we're much more likely to clean up aerosol pollution, while increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the air.

It finds that carbon dioxide emissions are making seawaters so acidic that coral reefs could begin to disintegrate within a few decades.

To maintain the wine's fruit and freshness, to be added during the fermentation process immediately after sulfur dioxide treatment.

carbon dioxide is not the only fossil-fuel by-product to affect the climate.

ONE way of helping to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere is to pump the gas into underground caverns or old oil fields.

The process involves taking titanium dioxide and treating it with silica, silicone grease or silicic acid for a few minutes.

Internal respiration is the intake of oxygen by the individual cells of the body and the release of carbon dioxide.

Zhou told a national conference that sulfur dioxide emissions were down 24. 6 percent compared with that of 2005.

The experimental data indicate that this process can manufacture ideal rutile titanium dioxide, the content of titanium is 96. 66%.

A carbon footprint, is the amount of carbon dioxide pollution that we produce as a result of our activities.

Exactly how the planetary wobbles and the carbon dioxide movements and the ocean changes fitted together is far from clear.

The alcoholic fermentation is then allowed to proceed with the yeast converting the grape juice to alcohol and carbon dioxide.

The so-called (low-carbon life). Schedule is to life the energy consumed to be minimized, thereby reducing carbon dioxide emissions.

Blood does many things, of course, and artificial blood is designed to do only one of them: carry oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Fuel assembly is a cylindrical pellets made of uranium dioxide fuel rods, and then assembled according to a certain order.

Building huge air-capture plants to reabsorb the carbon dioxide produced by burning fossil fuels would be a perverse outcome.

Is a cap - and- trade program along the lines of the model used to reduce sulfur dioxide the right way to go ?

In contrast, many large cars and luxury SUV vehicle emissions of carbon dioxide over at least twice.

Cells need the oxygen in air to break down foods and release energy. Carbon dioxide forms as a waste product when foods, are broken down.

Some of these instruments form part of the world's network for monitoring carbon dioxide levels.

One of the most recent involves using dry water as a storage material for gases, including carbon dioxide.

Indonesia, which has 60 per cent of the world's peat bog forests, emits two billion tons of carbon dioxide a year doing this.

Government is trying to reduce the amount of carpon dioxide.

As the peat burns, an area that once trapped carbon dioxide has started releasing vast quantities of it.

The power plant sells the sulfur dioxide from its Smokestacks to the Wallboard Company, which uses the compound as a raw material.

In the original titrimetric solution, known as Karl Fischer Reagent, the sulfur dioxide and iodine are dissolved in pyridine and methanol.

In combination with a liquid and an acid, baking soda undergoes a chemical reaction that releases bubbles of carbon dioxide.

Carbon dioxide will be removed from the chimney using chemicals and turned into a liquid, ready for storage underground.

If properly prepared, it could be a very useful, good material for efforts to limit emissions of carbon dioxide in the concrete industry.

Sulfur dioxide is the main pollutant exhausted into the atmosphere by heat power plant, which has caused serious harm to the environment.

Without the activities of these free-floating plant like organisms, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels would triple.

"Earth's climate can only be stabilized by bringing carbon dioxide emissions under control in the twenty-first century, " they write.

The other is to suck carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and put it somewhere else.

Biofuels have been backed by governments as one of the key ways to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.

All of it is growing alarmingly acidic, as the carbon dioxide spewed out by modern activities finds its way into the briny .

Chemicals used for treatment of water intended for human consumption - Chlorine dioxide.

each $10 tax on a ton of carbon dioxide emitted would raise the price of a kilowatt-hour from a coal-fired power plant by about a penny.

All that carbon dioxide has clearly addled his thinking.

But it is a carbon-dioxide-free way of making a lot of electricity, and a collecting area the size of Austria could supply the world.

This practice loosed the forests' stored carbon into the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide.

This would decrease the impacts of energy generation on the environment, by reducing levels of carbon dioxide emitted to the atmosphere.

Green plants can absorb carbon dioxide. And you will feel refreshed as you see them.

In terms of greenhouse gasses, if you use biodiesel, there's no net increase of carbon dioxide going into the environment.

Secondly, a growing number of private cars emit huge amount of carbon dioxide, leaving the air mercilessly polluted.

Once fired, please extinguish it with special dry powder or dry sand. Do not use water or carbon dioxide for extinguishing.

But this tendency is more than counterbalanced by an increase in the electronegativity of lead dioxide.

These rings are then exposed either to carbon dioxide or to water.

Still, even Rowe worries that the economy could be shocked if the cost of emitting carbon dioxide rises too quickly.

Oxalic acid is two carbon dioxide molecules joined together. So fungi and mycelium sequester carbon dioxide in the form of calcium oxalates.

Today, pipes are used to siphon carbon dioxide-rich water from the bottom of Lake Nyos.

performing a plasma nitridation in a reducing atmosphere to convert the silicon dioxide layer into a silicon oxynitride layer (110A).