currency reserves

But that will be almost entirely offset by an official outflow, in the form of foreign currency reserves, of close to $600bn.

Thus three-quarters of all the foreign currency reserves accumulated since the beginning of time have been piled up in this decade.

The PBoC said the IMF should also manage a portion of its member countries foreign currency reserves.

Given Beijing's obsession with losing out on its large currency reserves, cautiousness makes economic sense.

In particular, Beijing had been under pressure to make a sizeable contribution to the IMF from its huge foreign currency reserves.

At the time, China had relatively low foreign-currency reserves and no expertise in building such a complex dam.

China's foreign currency reserves have grown at such a fast past to their favorable balance of trade with the rest of the world.

Asian governments have also been prepared to accumulate foreign currency reserves at an amazing rate.

Countries that had built up massive currency reserves, such as China, could afford to put them to better use, he said.

China holds the world's largest currency reserves, enough to buy up the share prices in New York or sell down the yield curve of the T-bond.

The Asians decided to choose competitive exchange rates, export-led growth and huge accumulations of foreign currency reserves.

The value of the ruble has fallen by a third since September, and Moscow is blowing through foreign currency reserves to prop it up.

China has accumulated more than $3 trillion in foreign currency reserves, far more than any other nation.

Since the Chinese seem willing to accumulate foreign currency reserves without limit, the leverage of its partners is limited.

This will prevent significant liquidity to be provided to licensed banks against paper not backed by foreign currency reserves.

What lends the dollar's decline an air of crisis is that the world's bloated currency reserves are crammed with depreciating dollar assets.

Third, this natural adjustment continues to be thwarted by the build-up of foreign currency reserves, .

The greenback accounts for around two-thirds of global currency reserves, compared with a quarter for the euro.

With large foreign currency reserves, Beijing is eager to befriend EU members and persuade them to open up markets more to Chinese exports.

First, foreign currency reserves proved their worth during the crisis, which left emerging economies surprisingly unaffected.

If they accumulate foreign currency reserves at the current rate, that could rise five-fold in the next decade.

Firstly, the strength of the RMB originated from the current account surplus is a great opportunity to build up foreign currency reserves.

As a direct result, three quarters of the world's currency reserves have been accumulated just in this decade.

In 2006 China shocked the world by adding $247bn to what was already the largest hoard of foreign currency reserves.

But everyone is looking to the world's greatest possessor of currency reserves, China, also to make a very large contribution.

The government is now studying a proposal to use the IIFC to channel some of India's foreign currency reserves into infrastructure.

This then led to the huge accumulations of foreign currency reserves that helped to drive the current crisis.

And controls on capital outflows prevent sound investments abroad, resulting in large and dangerous piles of foreign-currency reserves.

He also points out that China's vast foreign currency reserves are not the spare cash people might imagine.

China has also surpassed Japan in having the biggest trade surplus and foreign currency reserves, as well as the highest steel production.

Many of the latter have made an immense and costly effort to reduce vulnerability by accumulating foreign currency reserves (see chart).

The context was the fevered talk about whether China might rescue the eurozone by dipping into its $3, 000bn of foreign currency reserves.

Why? Mercantilist thinking may play a role, especially in China, which may view its huge foreign currency reserves as a form of security.

"China would not even have to raise debt [in order to boost demand], " she says, pointing to the country's vast currency reserves.

First, a simple rule of investing that has always served me well: Never short a country with $2 trillion in foreign currency reserves.

Many "insured" themselves through managing exchange rates and building huge currency reserves.

Demand imbalances distort investments and create mountains of foreign currency reserves.

The new system will permit a general re-issuance of new currencies, based upon specific hard currency reserves.

The drop in oil prices is eroding the Kremlin's ability to replenish its gold and foreign-currency reserves just when it needs them most.

The large foreign currency reserves provide Asian governments with funds to boost their flagging economies.

Mr Strauss-Kahn said some countries faced having to deplete currency reserves to continue feeding their population.

Government policies that encourage exports and trade surpluses have pushed China's foreign-currency reserves to more than $3 trillion.

Iran's foreign-currency reserves, he insists without revealing figures, can keep the rial steady for years to come.

China has nearly $2 trillion in foreign currency reserves and has been under pressure to allow its own currency to appreciate.

Market exchange rates are also a better way of measuring power in financial markets (before adjusting for currency reserves).

China's foreign currency reserves amount to $2, 000 per Chinese resident, equivalent to a third of the country's per capita income.

" We are seeing record currency reserves in highly centralized countries , " a finance ministry official said .

Mr Lee acknowledged that Seoul, which has the sixth-biggest foreign currency reserves, was anxious about its US Treasury holdings.

Foreign entities own half of America's publicly traded debt; more than $900bn in foreign currency reserves are held by China alone.

The economy was also protected by large foreign currency reserves.

Foreign currency reserves will finance the Eastern acquisition of Western assets.

The policy generates ultimately unsterilisable increases in foreign currency reserves.

Of most immediate interest to U. S. economic officials, is China's strategic use of its foreign currency reserves.

Foreign currency reserves can only be used to buy goods of the country we export to.

Some save the proceeds in foreign-currency reserves, rather than spending them on imports.

They now have healthy currency reserves and fiscal surpluses that allow them to support their economies.

The country with the biggest hard currency reserves should have subsidized prices?

'When the banks had expanded out, people started yelling that we must enlarge the foreign-currency reserves in step with the banks' growth.

Otherwise, Beijing would have to keep amassing dollar currency reserves it doesn't need.

It recently spent a third of its hard currency reserves because of a run on the rouble.

Since China joined the World Trade Organization in 2001, its foreign currency reserves have been growing rapidly.

But the expectation is that these funds will grow rapidly, possibly to exceed official currency reserves in a number of years.

Its share has since increased to around a quarter, even as total currency reserves have swollen.

China has total currency reserves of $2. 65 trillion. Its 34 million troy ounces account for just $47 billion of that.

Given China's currency reserves of around $1, 000bn, it would be riskless.

China and Japan, the world's largest holders of currency reserves, have also voiced support for efforts to end the crisis.

Lee says large foreign currency reserves and steadily declining inflation rates help the region be more resilient.

At the end of 2009, its currency reserves had reached $2, 400bn, or close to half of gross domestic product.

Oil prices have slumped and international currency reserves have fallen by more than $200 billion in six months to $388 billion.

By September 2010, China had accumulated $2, 648bn in foreign currency reserves (close to half of gross domestic product).

S. dollars. The more exposed position of foreign currency reserves, the greater the risk.

With foreign currency reserves already above $2, 800bn, the case against accumulating still more must seem overwhelming.

Rampant money supply growth is the flipside of the country's massive $1, 400bn accumulation of foreign currency reserves.

Runaway growth of foreign currency reserves has become the signs of economic imbalance.

The sovereign funds remain far smaller than official foreign currency reserves (approximately $5, 600bn).

One reason for this is the impact on money, credit and asset prices of their huge accumulations of foreign currency reserves.

Key to the bulls: The nation, which enjoys $2. 6 trillion of foreign-currency reserves, remains only partially urbanized.

With China holding 20 per cent of total international currency reserves, where it goes, others take heed.

Their accumulated foreign currency reserves of the 2000s will help.

Instead they amassed their own huge foreign currency reserves.

If a decision to invest half a country's gross domestic product in currency reserves is not exchange rate manipulation, what is?

Currency reserves are approaching $2 trillion.

According to Bloomberg News, Russian currency reserves have fallen by nearly $123 billion since early August.

A stronger yuan would also reduce the value of China's foreign- currency reserves.

There is another puzzle: why have emerging-market currency reserves grown so large?

Around $2 trillion of its currency reserves of $3. 2 trillion are in dollars, mostly in bonds.

The developing countries should not have to see painfully accumulated hard-currency reserves fall under the shadow of major devaluations .

Brazil has about $350 billion in foreign-currency reserves.

This is why emerging economies set themselves to accumulate vast foreign currency reserves in this decade.

With our foreign currency reserves at a historic high, is there a limit to how much we need to keep the Hong Kong dollar stable?

With our foreign currency reserves at a historic high, is there a limit to how much we need to keep the Hong Kong dollar stable?

The key for China was to slow its accumulation of currency reserves by, for example, letting the renminbi appreciate more quickly.

China's decision to accumulate roughly $2, 000bn in foreign currency reserves was, in my view, a blunder.

Bonds held as currency reserves are useful if they can be converted to cash quickly and cheaply.

The reduction in foreign currency reserves between September 2008 and February 2009 was $428bn, just under 6 per cent of the global total.

According to the IMF, the dollar accounts for 65% of declared currency reserves.

For China, this means giving up control of its exchange rate and so stopping expansion of its $3. 2tn of currency reserves.

"Currency reserves shot up, compounding China's problem of how to diversify its assets. They will want to avoid that problem this time. "

Over the seven years to March 2008, global foreign currency reserves jumped by $4, 900bn, with China's reserves alone up by $1, 500bn.

In 1989 the global average for the percentage of currency reserves held in gold peaked at 32. 7%.

Foreign-currency reserves fell 24 percent since August and are below the $30. 2 billion the IMF required.

Safe manages more than $2, 000bn of China's foreign currency reserves.

Given the size of China's currency reserves, even a slight move could have a big impact.

From 2000 to mid-2008 Russia built up $560bn of foreign currency reserves.

Huge currency reserves held by countries such as China can damage the world economy.

Between January 2000 and April 2007, the stock of global foreign currency reserves rose by $5, 200bn.

Developing countries bought rich-world government bonds (stored as currency reserves) as insurance against future crises.

Foreign Currency Reserves Grow at DoubleDigit Rate in China ?

And Russia, with $400 billion in foreign-currency reserves, said it shifted its mix of reserves away from the euro last year.

Existing resources of about $250bn are some 4 per cent of world foreign currency reserves.

For example, it now accounts for 25% of global foreign-currency reserves.

In terms of foreign currency reserves ranking, Hong Kong remains the third largest in the world, after Japan and Mainland China.

Hong Kong's $113 billion in currency reserves are not in any immediate danger of running out.

The Exchange Fund provides backing, in the form of foreign currency reserves, for the Monetary Base of Hong Kong.

many of these countries have been running current account surpluses and have, as a result, accumulated vast foreign currency reserves;

This will ensure that all new Exchange Fund paper will be fully backed by foreign currency reserves ;

Maintenance of real value of currency reserves

Asia seeks a new home for its hard-currency reserves

Necessity of Enlarging the Foreign Currency Reserves in China

3 trillion (R20. 2 trillion) of currency reserves;