Rare earths

China's finance ministry, in announcing plans to raise export taxes on some rare earths, did not indicate which minerals might be affected.

The flints in cigarette lighters are made out of rare earths, and they've been used in incandescent gas lamps for more than a century.

Toyota's running into its own regulatory roadblocks trying to partner up with companies to mine and refine rare earths in Vietnam.

Germany's electronics industry has said the market for rare earths had become "critical" due to reported restrictions on exports from China.

The report also said the U. S. would continue to press China to eliminate export constraints on rare earths used in high-tech manufacturing.

It is unclear how much day-to-day control Beijing authorities actually have of their rare-earths industry.

Beijing may be trying to encourage companies needing rare earths to shift production to China.

The glass, metal ends and mercury are all captured and reused, but the rare earths used in the bulbs end up in landfills.

Chinese mines have produced rare earths at a much lower cost, forcing competitors to shut down in recent years and creating a near monopoly.

The State Council, China's cabinet, said the rare-earths industry will be streamlined over a five-year period.

For the last two years, China has imposed quotas to limit exports of rare earths to about 30, 000 tons a year.

Rare earths include a number of different elements, that are usually mined at the same mines but are used for different purposes.

A misnomer if ever there was one, the rare earths may be strategic and in short supply but they are certainly not rare.

In the meantime, Beijing has tightened regulations on its own polluting rare earths sector as part of a programme to clean up Chinese mines.

Japanese traders "confirm that there has been a disruption in the supply of rare earths, " Mr. Billingsley said.

But a victory is likely to pave the way for the U. S. to file a separate WTO complaint on the rare-earths policy, trade analysts said.

In response , Chinese officials said the supply of such rare earths will be sustained, Mr. De Gucht added .

The total value of rare earths traded in a year is about $2bn.

While Japan's import of certain rare earths appears to have held up in 2010, there are important caveats to the Ministry of Finance's data.

Meanwhile, EU Trade Commissioner Karel De Gucht said he had emphasized to Chinese officials the importance of access to rare earths.

China, predicting robust growth of its own auto industry, has placed increasingly stringent export restrictions on rare earths.

An unfolding collision around a group of elements known as "rare earths" is seen by some as a test of China's willingness to reciprocate.

After that the plan is to go after five other gold sites, and then bid for the rights to other minerals, including copper and rare earths.

Foreign businesses and governments have struggled to convince Beijing to relax these export limits, especially in the case of rare earths.

But for now Chinese rare earths 'are crucial to global supply, ' he said.

Rare earths are minerals used in small amounts on virtually every electronic item for sale around the world.

It will be the only producer of rare earths in the US, and one of only two such mines outside China.

The research status of surface modification on cermet coating microstructure by rare earths and its application development were introduced.

Some security experts argue that US production of rare earths is so commercially uncertain that it needs government support.

China supplies about 95 per cent of the global market for rare earths, used to produce everything from hybrid cars to iPod music players.

Congressional aides say bills will shortly be introduced that could require the U. S. military to stockpile rare earths.

It's a ruling that industry analysts say clears the way for the U. S. to file formal WTO complaints over China's rare earths policies.

Although World Trade Organization rules ban export taxes, China has imposed them on rare earths for the last four years.

The export restraints on rare earths has inflamed trade ties with the United States, European Union and Japan in particular.

A quirk in how China calculates quotas means that two tons of quota must be used to export a ton of rare earths for some alloys.

The Lynas Corporation of Australia plans to open at the end of next year a large rare earths mine at Mount Weld, Australia.

This month, Sumitomo Corp of Japan invested $130m in return for guaranteed supplies of rare earths for the next seven years.

Besides developing more sources of rare earths outside China, corporate users need to think of ways of recycling them, GE's Duclos said.

Needless to say, it's high time science, industry, and governments get together to make rare earths less rare.

Rare earths can getcarburized granules on the surface of alloy steel fined, with diffusion even, the carburized layer thickened.

Samuel Bader, a physicist at the Argonne National Laboratory near Chicago, says rare earths are often found together.

The Department of Defense estimates the U. S. uses around 5% of the global supply of rare earths for military purposes.

The industry is one of the largest US consumers of rare earths, Molycorp said.

In late October, Baotou, China's largest rare earths producer, suspended production for one month in an effort to prop up prices.

They also discussed India's rare-earths industry; Japan currently depends on Chinese imports of the minerals.

Until rare earths became a hot global topic in 2010, Chinese policy makers said the quotas were meant to support prices.

Demand for rare earths, meanwhile, is almost totally inelastic, and the market is already adjusting to concerns over a Chinese monopoly.

What rare earths aren't, however, is rare -- in years past, they were mined everywhere from Florida to Indonesia -- or terribly valuable.

Mr. Sandalow said that wind turbine manufacturers were capable of building very large turbines without rare earths.

Still, when China curbed rare earths exports to Japan in September following a territorial dispute, Japanese industries had to scramble.

Miners scrape off the topsoil and shovel golden-flecked clay into dirt pits, using acids to extract the rare earths.

Rare earths are essential for a wide range of military hardware, be it missiles or sonar.

Japan is also pushing for new manufacturing processes that do not require rare earths.

Cooler heads have weighed in on rare earths, but since the frenzy began they've largely been ignored.

This case does not touch on rare earths specifically but the facts and legal concepts are very similar.

China controls 97 per cent of the global supply of rare earths, essential elements in a variety of manufacturing processes.

Rare earths often exude radioactivity, and dangerous chemicals are used to separate them from other minerals.

Now, the new investors that own Molycorp Inc. are eager to prove that producing rare earths can be both clean and economical.

The structures of 4-acyl-pyrazolone are analysed and the coordination in the complexes of rare earths with it are discussed in this paper.

Chemical companies are also working on ways to cut the percentage of rare earths in catalysts while preserving the catalysts' effectiveness.

Chemical companies, also big consumers of rare earths, have been developing alternatives.

Rare earths are an important, non-renewable natural resource with increasingly wider applications in economic and social development.

Industry executives, analysts and two Japanese traders confirmed that rare earths bound for Japan stopped leaving Chinese ports on Tuesday.

For a period in late 2010, it cut off Japan's access to its rare earths entirely.

Rare earths prices have soared this year. Chinese officials say environmental concerns have prompted widespread mine closures.

Rare earths are also essential to a host of green machines, including hybrid cars and wind turbines.

For the rest of the world, the move almost certainly means the prices of rare earths will continue to rise.

These aren't exactly precious gems: Most rare earths are priced by the ton, not the ounce.

In subsequent filings, including its 2010 annual report, Grace cited 'the cost of and availability' of rare earths among its risks.

Meanwhile, China's own fast-growing manufacturing industries now consume more rare earths than the rest of the world combined.

Baotou's move suggests that Chinese efforts to control rare earths prices could be greater than previously thought.

Concern over China's hoarding of rare earths has also been spreading to the United States.

He used the phosphorescent spectra and the coefficients of magnetism of the rare earths as meal& of following their separation.

China's tactics on rare earths probably violate global trade rules, according to governments and business groups around the world.

China gained a monopoly decades ago as lax environmental standards made it very cheap to mine rare earths there.

A new environmental code for rare earths mines will come into effect in October and Beijing has halted issuing new licences for the mines.

The U. S. military needs rare earths for night-vision goggles, cruise missiles, and other weapons.

A Japanese trader in the minerals said Tuesday that customs agents were still not allowing shipments of rare earths to Japan.

It may produce most of the world's rare earths, but it only has roughly a third of their known reserves.

a rare-earths producer often considered an industry bellwether. Its New York Stock Exchange-listed shares subsequently tumbled nearly 22%.

Near where he stands, the charred remains of a small rare earths pit are witness to the clampdown.

The move to create a strategic reserve at a cost of about $3bn could also boost the cost of rare earths.

The big cost is in chemically separating the rare earths from the minerals that carry them.

After the coastguard arrested the fishermen, China cancelled meetings, gummed up Japanese trade and stopped exports of rare earths.

China is also pushing to become a major force in green technology in which rare earths are an important ingredient.

The Pentagon is due to report on its plans for securing rare earths to U. S. Congress this month.

Despite the moniker, rare earths aren't that rare; rather, it is hard to find them in high concentrations that make mining them economical.

Demand for rare earths and China's virtual chokehold on supplies have prompted some overseas companies to enter, or re-enter, the field.

Creative thinking is required if China is not to become the Opec of rare earths.

Although rare earths are not in fact rare, their extraction is difficult and can often be environmentally hazardous.

Beijing's influence aroused concern when exports of rare earths to Japan were temporarily suspended after a diplomatic dispute.

Discrimination of mechanism of formation of cenozoic basalts along shandong anhui part of tan lu fault zone by using rare earths.

There's a popular get-rich-quick story in the town of Ganzhou, the rare earths capital of southern China: buy rare earths, and hold.

Japan urged China to make ample supplies of rare earths available, Nikkei English News reported earlier today.

Influences of rare earths on the hydrolysis of urea and its hydrolyzed product in soil.

EDWARD COWLE: "In these two years since we changed our name to Rare Earths, the media attention has been unbelievable. "

The effect of the added rare earths on the thickness, surface quality, hardness and corrosion resistance of the layer were studied.

The Ministry of Finance statement didn't specify which types of rare earths would be affected.

In these 2 years since we changed the name to U. S. Rare Earths, the media attention has been unbelievable.

While once it was the world's leading producer, it now mines no rare earths, largely because of environmental and cost concerns.

Rare earths prices have been sliding since their peak in July, but the slide has accelerated during the past week.

Owing to unique electronic configuration rare earths have got very broad application in various fields.

The minerals are so-called rare earths, which are used in products like wind turbines and hybrid cars.

The move, which will cut supply, will send shivers through the global rare-earths supply chain.

Over the past year, companies have been busy finding ways to use fewer rare earths.

This rationale has a direct bearing on the rare-earths limits because those too have affected only exports and not domestic consumption.

The same year, China Non-Ferrous Metal Mining was blocked from buying a controlling stake in the rare earths miner Lynas.

China's move to reduce exports of rare earths may be less about political muscle-flexing and more about feeding its economic growth.

Yet these so-called minor metals and rare earths are as critical as copper and aluminium to the global economy.

Japan is the world's biggest importer of rare earths. And China produces ninety-seven percent of the world supply.

O. this winter that would challenge Chinese export taxes and export quotas on rare earths.

Small mines producing heavy rare earths like dysprosium and terbium still operate on nearby hills.

Exports of rare earths were subject to an unannounced weeklong ban (see article).

This paper investigates improving corrosion resistance of AZ91 magnesium alloy surface by permeating rare earths.

In recent years China's quota system has become a focal point for complaints from countries that import rare earths.

Quest Rare Minerals, of Canada, plans to produce heavy rare earths, which are less often found.

The victory will pave the way for a case on rare earths, said U. S. and EU trade officials.

So will a prominent alternative: "urban mining, " a ka recycling of rare earths and other materials from used electronic devices.

Rare earths have become a token for international fears over China's ascendancy.

That has caused global rare earths prices to fluctuate wildly and prompted concerns over supply.

As a result, rare earths prices were driven up eight- to tenfold during the first six months of this year.

In 2010, China temporarily halted shipments of rare earths to Japan, prompting a sharp spike in prices of the minerals.

Most rare earths come from China, which has raised export barriers, exacerbating the problem.

So will a prominent alternative: " urban mining, " a k a recycling of rare earths and other materials from used electronic devices.

Edward Cowle is president and chief executive of a company called U. S. Rare Earths.

The complexes are made from the tea polysaccharide or kelp polysaccharide bound rare earths.

Hitachi Metals, meanwhile, is working on a magnet that minimizes the use of rare earths by employing copper alloys.

China produces about 90 percent of the world's rare-earths, and announced in July that it would slash exports by 40 percent.

Rare earths are not rare, geologically speaking, but China has a corner on mining and processing them.

Half of the global supply of rare earths comes from a single iron ore mine in the hills north of Baotou.

This has fed foreign suspicions that Beijing plans global domination of rare earths.

China has said it is tightening export limits on rare earths because processing them takes a toll on the environment.

Tokyo would also look to develop alternative sources of supply for rare earths, Mr Kaieda said.

Rare earths are used for high-technology products such as precision-guided weapons and hybrid cars.

The financing is complicated because rare-earths prices are so volatile.

Deng Xiaoping, the late leader of China, is widely reported to have said that while the Middle East has oil, China dominates rare earths.

Acting on the hunch, I dumped my meager life savings -- about $9, 000 -- into the rare-earths sector, and waited for the payoff.

Sellers prefer to supply the heavier rare earths because profit margins are higher.

However, rising prices fit neatly with China's ambition to end its role as supplier of cheap rare earths to the world.

Essentially, it underscores the need to source rare earths from non-Chinese minerals, says Professor Jha.

But it is unusual to find the 17 elements that are classified as rare earths in sufficient quantities for economic extraction.

But there is not a Machiavellian plot by China to take over the world in rare earths.

In 2009, China Nonferrous Metals Mining Group Co Ltd was blocked from buying a controlling stake in rare earths miner Lynas Corp.

In July, Beijing reduced its export quota for rare earths for the second half of the year by 72 percent.

Europe, in contrast, imports more rare earths and has more rare-earth production facilities than the US.

After all, the term 'rare earths' is a misnomer, experts say.

China recently announced lower export limits for rare earths for next year.

China currently controls almost all of the world's supply of rare earths, for which demand is soaring.

Batteries to store megawatts of power. Strong magnets that don't rely on rare earths.

As new mines open, global output of rare earths and related elements should rise.

Government tightens controls on rare earths .

Red clays in the region are rich in "heavy" rare earths, the most valuable and scarce elements.

When, in July, it cut export quotas by three-quarters, the price of some rare earths shot up six-fold.

Even prices for the most common rare earths, such as lanthanum, used in hybrid car batteries, have risen sharply.

Nanosized rare earth complex oxides have dual characters of nanosized materials and rare earths, which attract attention.

Where it cannot exclude rare earths, GM has made other adjustments.

The rare earths, in addition to grain refinement, could improve the morphology and distribution of n. . .

The list of things that contain rare earths is almost endless.

The United States stopped mining rare earths in 2002.

The basket price for the Mount Weld rare earths should climb to $227 a kilogram next year, a gain of about 40%.

Rare Earths. He and his partners gained rights to some land in the American West about fifteen years ago.

Other congressional efforts touch on how to counter China's dominance in rare earths, but don't take stands on stockpiling.

The Chinese Rare Earths Industry Association has predicted demand will rise by almost two-thirds within five years.

China will raise export tariffs on certain rare earths products in 2011, Xinhua reports.

It remains unprofitable to produce rare earths on their own.

Therefore, the rare earths in steels have a significant catalytic effect during those . . .

ion: The extraction of rare earths by A101 in HCl solution within magnetic field was studied.

When it comes to rare earths, GE is taking a similar approach.

Mike Coffman, US Congressman from Colorado, said: "We must wean ourselves off our total dependence on China for rare earths. "

For fly-by-night speculators, rare earths couldn't be packaged more attractively.

The main American rare earths mine, in Mountain Pass, Calif. , closed in 2002, but efforts are under way to reopen it.

It also said that China's rare earths sector had made big strides and expanded in size.

China mines 94 percent of the world's rare earths and accounted for 60 percent of the world's consumption by tonnage early this year.

Ms. Chegwidden said that the way China had selectively blocked the rare earths was significant.

The petition includes technologies such as electric-car batteries that are deeply affected by China's control of rare earths.

Title: Rare Earths Group of South and North in Miscarry Now?

"Most designs today use generous amounts of rare earths, " says Mr Savagian.

China produces nearly all the world's supply of rare earths.

"In reality there is an export ban on rare earths, " Mr Kaieda said.

Rare earths, also called lanthanides, are chemically similar to actinides (89 through 104).

Every rare earth deposit on the planet has within it all 15 and sometimes all 17 rare earths.

Rare earths are crucial in advanced manufacturing such as computer disk drives, mobile phones and hybrid car components.

"China will continue to supply the world with rare earths. "

They might not dominate headlines like diamonds or oil, but rare earths are some of the world's most valued resources.

Despite producing 95 percent of the world's rare earths, China has only 37 percent of the world's proven reserves.

China for years has supplied most of Japan's rare earths.

For the first half of 2011, it reported $47. 8 million in accounts receivable and inventories in the period relating to rare earths.

They say sales of rare earths are quicker, but that offers are withdrawn more often because of rapid price moves.

Some analysts question the wisdom of China's stockpiling of rare earths because it raises the hackles of other countries.

In the past four months, global prices for rare earths have doubled.

WHY ARE CHINA'S RARE EARTHS IMPORTANT?

What makes the rare earths so special is the way they can react with other elements to get results that neither could achieve alone.

The niobium-tantalum and rare-earths ore deposits in China and their occurred minerals are described.

Japan is the world's largest importer of rare earths.

Determining prices for rare earths is tricky because the market for them is illiquid and only small quantities are produced globally.

China mines almost all of the world's rare earths.

China mines about 92 percent of the world's light rare earths.

Prices of rare earths hovered between $5 a kilogram and $20 a kilo from the early 1990s until 2010.

"The reality is that China needs to use its rare earths themselves, " he says.

Rare earths are irreplaceable in some applications, such as fluorescent lighting or military radars.

Its exports of rare earths fell 9 percent in 2010, but still exceeded the government's quota by a third.

As Dowa has turned its attention to rare earths, a priority is developing ways to render neodymium, which is used in powerful magnets.

By 2015, global demand for rare earths is expected to reach 205, 000 tonnes.

China Daily reported that the price of some rare earths has risen 60% since the end of last year.

For the first half of 2011, China has licensed only 32 companies to export rare earths, compared with 47 in 2006.

Some companies, such as General Electric, are already moving to reduce their use of rare earths.

We will have cooperation with other countries in the use of rare earths, because it is a non-renewable energy resource.

Those same rare earths are found in America, mainly in shut-in mines.

Companies that buy these rare earths, including a few in Japan and the West, turn them into refined metal powders.

In Japan, Dowa Holding's attempts to recycle rare earths from old electronics is proving more difficult than first thought.

What it hasn't said is that it needs the rare earths for itself.

In Japan, meanwhile, Hitachi has started a recycling effort to recover rare earths from hard drives and other materials.

Objective: TO study the atom absorbs the spectrum method measurement interference effects of calcium in high pure rare earths Y 2O 3.

Rare earths exports are already a sensitive issue in Japan, which is the world's largest importer of the minerals.

Synthesis of A New Chromogenic Reagent p-Acetylantipyrylazo and its Application to Determination of Rare Earths

Experimental research on treatment of ammonia nitrogen wastewater by ammonia stripping in a rare earths separation factory;

Experimental Research on the Leachability of a Semi-weathered Ion-adsorption Type Rare Earths Mineral

The Luminescence Characteristic of a New Novel Coprecipitate Rare Earths Complexes

Research on Mineral Composition of Blast Furnace Slags Containing Rare Earths and Occurrence State of Thorium

Simultaneous Determination of Multi-Component of Cerium Subgroup Rare Earths in Steels by Artificial Neural Network-Spectrophotometry

Advances in Study of the Passivating Agent Containing Rare Earths in FCC Process

Chemical analysis of magnesium and its alloys; Determination of rare earths; Gravimetric method

Experimental Research on Flotation Separation of a Bastnasite-Type Rare-Earths Ore

Study of Technologic Method for Separating Heavy Rare Earths with Cation-exchange Fiber

Simultaneous On-line Analysis of Total and Individual Rare Earth Elements in Light Rare Earths Extraction Process by Multichannel Analyzer

Simultaneous Direct Determination of 14 Rare Earths Elements and parts of Non-rare Earths in the high Purity Metal Dysprosium by ICP-AES

Determination of Yttrium in Rare Earths by Principal Component Regression Spectrophotometry

The Measurement and Evaluation of Radioactivity for a Rare Earths Battery Card

Investigation on iron-nickel-rare earths self-fluxing alloy powder and its applications

Integrated Automation System for Rare Earths Countercurrent Extraction Process

Synthesis and characterization of ternary complexes of rare earths-salicylic acid-phenanthroline

Mr Wang described rare earths, a group of 17 elements with high-tech applications, as the current darling of the mining industry

Synthesis, Luminescence, Energy Transfer and Langmuir-Blodgett Films of Amphiphilic Complexes of Rare Earths with Monooctadecyl Phthalate

Surface Modification on Ceramic Coating by Rare Earths and its Development Trend

Synthesis, Characterization and Thermodecomposition Kinetics of Unsymmetrical Schiff Base with Rare Earths

Investigation of improving corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys by permeating rare earths

Synthesis and characterization of the ternary solid complexes of rare earths-L-Histidine-L-Leucine

Novel Rare Earths Oxygen Storage Materials Promoted Pd Catalysts for Emission Control in Natural Gas Fueled Vehicles

Effects of Applied Rare Earths on Properties of Phosphate Adsorption in a Luvisol Soil

Tribological Properties of Lubricating Oils Containing Nano-Rare Earths and Iron Particles

Superconducting Ceramics Containing Rare Earths

Summary of Research and Development on Alkali Corrosion Resistant Alloy Cast Iron Containing Rare Earths

A Novel Approach for Optical Activation of Rare Earths in Rare Earth- doped Porous Silicon Microwave Heating Method

Dual-Wavelength Spectrophotometric Determination on Colour Reaction of Rare Earths with CAP-MA

Application of Rare Earths in High Temperature Superconducting Materials

The Tribological Property of PTFE Composite Filled with Carbon Fiber Treated with Rare Earths

Acid Fluoride-containing Wastewater Treatment Project in Rare Earths Refinery

Application of New model rare earths permanent magnetism for energy saving motor

Study on Isothermal Precipitation and Growth Kinetics of Calcium Cerite Phase in Slag Bearing Rare Earths

Microstructure and Properties of Powder Injection Molded AlN Ceramics Doped with Rare Earths