issuer

He Jin, one of her short black hair, above a pair of pink with other credit card issuers eyes, looks are not exceptional.

Sponsors are required to take responsibility for parts of the prospectus which should be that of the issuers' directors or of other experts.

Again, criticism was widespread as the U. S. government is still seen as one of the most creditworthy public issuers in the world.

The American Bankers Association, which represents the biggest credit card issuers, said the law will transform the credit card industry.

But the credit crunch sucked the wind from its sails, sending spreads soaring and triggering a round of cancellations among issuers.

Based on the results, there is an evidence that initially offering prices of convertibles tends to be undervalued by issuers.

Major issuers included companies that financed student loans and municipal agencies like the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.

They decided to protect themselves against the vagaries of global finance by accumulating vast claims on the issuers of reserve currencies.

Issuers that stick it out will have to lower their expectations.

Two of the largest card issuers, however, MBNA and Capital One, have the least generous policies, with each case reviewed on its merits .

So, it is not as though American issuers do not have the necessary technology.

"Comodo Hacker" claims also to have cracked security at three other (so far unnamed) issuers.

The agencies are the latest institutions to be exploited in "phishing" scams, long the bane of large banks and credit card issuers.

That would be lower than recent overnight borrowing rates of more than 5% for many issuers during the worst days of the credit crunch.

Mainland China's increasingly active bond markets, meanwhile, have so far remained largely off limits to foreign issuers and investors.

Card issuers will also be obliged to explain their terms in plain English and inform customers about the cost of using their cards.

There will continue to be a steady pipeline of IPOs as issuers seek capital to grow from the public markets.

PartnersFirst's business model is markedly different from that of most card issuers.

Issuers will pay the Fed upfront fees, or will provide guarantees or collateral, to help insulate the central bank from losses.

Although it is hard to know for sure, it seems that European banks are net buyers of CDS protection, not issuers of it.

At the end of the year, the Stock Exchange had approved 36 firms as sponsors for issuers to be listed on the GEM.

Government support is meant to be temporary -- aimed at reopening markets for debt issuers and coaxing back private buyers.

Therefore it is an important studying issue for all participating IPO issuers to have reasonable evaluation models.

The Service Employees International Union has frequently blasted credit-card issuers over the years for abusive lending practices.

They also expose themselves to issuers who may not be governed by the robust accounting standards of the world's leading financial centres.

The default rate is now rising rapidly and S&P is forecasting that nearly 14% of bond issuers will fail to meet their obligations this year.

And what's more, most cards can offer a great low APR as the issuers aren't having to fund expensive introductory deals or cashback schemes.

Fragile issuers and nervous investors ought to be a boon to insurers.

In June, AmEx had the lowest delinquency rate among the six biggest U. S. credit-card issuers.

Writedowns among the top six issuers have slowed since June, as have late payments.

As troubles mount for issuers this time around, the usual inequalities are surfacing.

Listed foreign private issuers must disclose any significant ways in which their corporate-governance practices differ from NYSE rules.

Issuers typically like to have oversubscribed offerings: it makes it more likely that bonds will rally once the deal closes.

Consumers, merchants, issuers, acquirers and card association make up the whole industry.

University officials say that their agreements with card issuers comply with the law and bring in valuable revenue .

Perhaps the existence of more agencies would encourage issuers to shop around for the firm with the weakest standards.

A more diverse palette of issuers by sector and parentage must also be good news for buyers.

"Spreads were wide, which attracted investors, but absolute levels of interest rates were low, which suited issuers, " says Mr Rosenberg.

Furthermore, the raters were hamstrung by the conflicts of interest inherent in being paid by issuers to assess their bonds.

Whenever issuers compete for market share or buyers pile in because they are afraid of missing the boat, a boom may be in the making.

This has made it more attractive for issuers around the world to raise funds in the euro market.

In the meantime, the PCAOB published the names of accounting firms and issuers that have not been inspected.

The spreads over Bunds of these issuers widened sharply this past week and weighed on the euro.

Buyer informed the local bank (open issuers) to the seller for the opening of the beneficiaries of letters of credit.

Yet losses must be possible if investors are to distinguish between sovereign-debt issuers.

Issuers pay for ratings because, in the long run, it deepens the pool of investors.

Government entities are the predominant issuers of bonds on the country's debt markets and state banks the primary investors.

Were the monolines to lose their top-notch ratings, they fear, many issuers could struggle to meet higher funding costs.

To get round the sheikh's concerns, issuers are turning to the ijara , or leasing, structure.

Yet the law does not set absolute limits on rates and fees, which issuers have real incentives to raise.

Foreign issuers have not been rushing to tap the market largely because the renminbi cannot be freely converted.

On the credit card issuers, merchants, and cardholders are good, making clearing payment instruments inevitable trend.

Then, in September, Congress passed a law barring US banks and credit card issuers from processing internet gambling transactions.

They say many credit card issuers have revised internal guidelines to give front-line employees the power to cut deals with consumers.

Issuers are reacting by slowing acquisition of new customers and tightening credit lines to many existing ones.

Issuers of international currencies also enjoy protection from currency volatility.

Some were created by the Fed's myriad loans to banks, issuers of commercial paper and others to unfreeze the credit markets.

Rating agencies were supposed to serve the market, but their first loyalty seems to have been to the issuers who were paying their fees.

US-based issuers accounted for the greatest proportion of weakest links.

This is not a race to the least regulated market: no global issuers are launching from Nigeria or Burma.

Issuers include Citigroup (C), Chesapeake Energy (CHK), Vornado Realty Trust (VNO) and Transocean (RIG).

He also says an SEC-appointed consultant-for-the-day should select credit-rating agencies on behalf of debt issuers.

They are income securities, with issuers committed to paying their dividends before distributing profits to common shareholders.

Identification cards. Identification of issuers. Part 2 : application and registration procedures.

Other mainland issuers have cut back the size of planned offers, in response to the weakness in the market.

Some or all of the selected certificates are issuers (CA certificates) for other, non-selected certificates.

To verify a client certificate, the provider-side handler must have access to the issuers' public key.

The practice may even spread to Britain, where issuers have been warier of retail investors.

These have plunged in price, as investors fear issuers will find it hard to refinance this debt when it comes due.

"Over the past few years, warrant issuers have been putting a lot of effort into marketing and education about risk and return. "

Critics say the move, aimed at reducing auditing costs for issuers, undermines protections for investors.

The fund objective is to earn a high current income, from a portfolio of high-yielding bonds issued by US and non-US issuers.

But he warns that, with more new issuers seeking funds from international investors, rigorous due diligence has become more important.

Companies like Encore buy bad loans from banks and credit card issuers for pennies on the dollar and pocket the cash they collect.

Credit cards are growing rapidly but merchants grab a hefty chunk of the fees, leaving less for issuers.

Four Asian issuers Monday announced plans to tap the international bond market in the coming days to repay debt or boost capital.

It proposes, for instance, that issuers of credit-risk securities should retain a share of the risk.

The answer is a combination of consumer psychology and opportunistic retailers and card issuers.

To avoid confusion, the law also requires issuers to make bills due on the same due date every mouth.

For foreign issuers, a token Chinese listing might open a few doors.

The measure would sharply limit credit card issuers' ability to raise interest rates on existing balances .

Some observers say there is a conflict of interest, as the issuers of securities pay the agencies to rate them.

Thus, agencies should be paid by investors, who will demand timely ratings that reflect reality, and not by issuers.

The challenge is to reduce the impact of diverging creditworthiness among its 16 sovereign issuers on borrowing costs.

The reason has more to do with the problems of investors than the deteriorating finances of issuers.

Like a swap, issuers of CPDOs get premium income upfront but have to pay out if a company in the index defaults.

But for issuers in a crowded sovereign-debt market, it means fewer trips to the well.

Agencies charge security issuers fees to fund the research they conduct to rate the issuers' securities.

The list, notably incomplete yet dominated by Chinese firms and issuers, is available on the PCAOB website.

In this litigious environment, Sox is a deterrent to foreign issuers considering cross listings in the US.

A document issued to sub-branches shall be sealed by all the issuers .

US issuers account for 70 per cent of the total, while European issuers make up 21 per cent.

It has had trouble fund-raising (you can buy Ku KluxKlan garb with major credit cards, but for months issuers barred donations toWikiLeaks).

But what concerns foreign issuers the most is that just about every sentence could be the basis of a lawsuit.

The majority of the Chinese issuers sued had listed on U. S. exchanges within the past two years.

When times were really good, junk-rated issuers pumped out tens of billions of dollar-denominated deals.

This means that there is a big gap between the credit ratings of the Asian issuers and the risk appetite of the Asian investors.

Barriers for international RMB issuers should be lowered.

No recommendation representatives and their spouses shall hold the issuers' shares in any name or by any means.

Issuers are scrambling to refinance into proper long-term bonds, or asking banks for letters of credit.

Article 7 Issuers of stocks must be companies limited by shares qualified to issue shares.

Take the proposal to force the rotation of ratings agencies, which could lead to big debt issuers changing their provider every year.

There has been little significant increase of default risk for emerging market sovereign issuers.

In return, Mr Darling will assure him that UK markets will bend over backwards to host Chinese issuers.

The competion of credit card issuers has changed from the amount of card to developing of new functions.

These bond issuers would rather swap their fixed-rate obligations for floating-rate ones.

Card issuers are required to disclose their terms in writing at the time you apply.

Even folks with good credit-ratings scores are no longer immune from adverse actions from their card issuers.

For instance, it could allow these investors to influence the ratings, as could the issuers.

"Where we are concerned is the extremely short track record of many new issuers. "

Identification cards. Identification of issuers. Part 1 : numbering system.

That implies two possible paymasters: government or issuers.

The bigger question is whether lowering the bar for foreign issuers will come back to haunt the American markets.

The issuers of these opinions are largely based in America, a land where free speech is constitutionally guaranteed.

Five of the six card issuers reported payments late by 30 days or more fell to their lowest points of the year.

The issuers seek high ratings for their securities and thus direct their business to those agencies most willing to provide such ratings.

For issuers, the cost is a lure, although not necessarily cheaper than bank funding.

But the index our fund tracks uses a carefully chosen universe of issuers to maximise liquidity.

CMU will become even more attractive to both local and overseas investors and issuers.

The Guggenheim fund only tracks investment-grade issuers, with more than Rmb1bn of bonds outstanding.

Two better-known card issuers with a big subprime business are Capital One and HSBC's Orchard Bank.

The report says: "Average merchant fees are about 60 basis points, meaning little profit for [credit card] issuers. "

In the past, counselors could persuade card issuers to adjust interest rates and modify late fees, but the balance was untouchable.

If barriers are too low, however, issuers will go rating-shopping to the laxest rater.

They may also establish benchmark yields for future issuers.

Issuers of securities pay the rating agencies to estimate the risk for investors.

That could, in turn, raise borrowing costs for bond issuers, says Tim Backshall of Credit Derivatives Research.

The first half of 2008 has seen a sharp downturn in IPO activity, as issuers postponed listing plans amid global economic uncertainty.

The upshot: Some credit-card issuers may have to act more like PartnersFirst.

Mr Dufour says CFF plans to follow the lead of some European issuers, by selling covered bonds in the US.

This curtails the ability of issuers to default through inflation.

Rating agencies are often paid by issuers.

India's leading card issuers say they, too, are being more careful about who gets cards.

The agencies could be asked to earn their fees from someone other than the issuers.

The change will benefit around a quarter of all credit card accounts, according to the UK Cards Association, which represents issuers.

At these prices, issuers will want to pump out equity for a good while yet.

Lower barriers for international RMB issuers.

Fig2. Form issuers consolidate authorities through your filling, while maximizing it via their rubber stamp you will beg.

Issuers in the bond markets are finding that their borrowing costs have risen.

But look closely at the list of issuers and the market divides into three tiers.

All are known dealmakers, and globally active issuers of equity and debt.

France, Spain and the Netherlands have also been issuers this year, with German and British groups fairly active in the past.

Supervise and administer over stock issuers.

But the market is starting to differentiate between issuers.

The question is why the issuers like synthetics.

Little wonder, then, that card issuers feel shell-shocked.

The number of lowly-rated CCC issuers has almost tripled over the past 21 years.

Reits made up seven of the 15 issuers that sold follow-on shares last week.

The situation is trickier in the euro zone. It has 16 competing sovereign issuers.

The issuers to date all boast investment-grade credit ratings.

The issuers of CDOs asked rating agencies to assess their quality.

If banks are ill-treating issuers or investors in this way, why don't the victims do something about it rather than moaning?

Ms. Karpe advises a limit of 5% of client assets in these, spread among bonds of different issuers.

'For issuers, it'd be a good time to lock in today's rates as long as possible. '

These are perceived to be hugely lucrative to financial institutions, but vital to issuers.

What about a third-party board, such as what Sen. Al Franken has proposed, that would separate rating agencies from issuers?

Since many issuers are rated by more than one agency, this would lead to phenomenal turnover.

Unilever, like fellow issuers, has sizeable renminbi outgoings, but these are more than covered by income.

The issuers have admitted liability but the amount of damages has not yet been agreed.

But what is different now is that issuers are using public market tenders to try to resolve situations before default.

Without that guarantee, issuers wouldn't have found buyers or would have paid a lot more in interest.

Policy makers there are wooing more overseas issuers seduced by China's potential.

It is also subject to the risks common to all issuers in Indonesia.

Card issuers know that some of their customers will fail. That's why they charge elephant fees.

How will it handle default by such massive issuers?

Their credit ratings dropped, which meant issuers were less willing to buy insurance from them.

The demand for reserve currencies is a boon to their issuers.

Through this programme, issuers have raised a total of $27bn this year, according to Thomson Reuters.

The problem is compounded by the brutal competition in America between card-issuers for free-spending customers.

Q3. Why allow foreign issuers to apply for primary OTC listings in Taiwan?

From about 1980, when the payout ratio stood at about 40 per cent, US companies moved from being net issuers to net buyers of shares.

That left some issuers paying double-digit interest rates because of the terms under which they issued the securities.

As a result, more issuers may opt to tap China's domestic market instead, although there are signs of cooling there too.

Many card issuers are raising late fees and other charges.

The first is that the issuers of mortgage bonds remain responsible for making payments on them.

The low credit ratings given to Asian bond issuers are inhibiting the development of the debt market in Asia.

Should issuers be tempted?

Issuers prefer second-lien to mezzanine, which is more expensive (12% cash plus 3% PIK), and typically carries higher prepayment penalties.

In 2007 junk-bond issuers made up most of the market for the first time.

In 1987 just 38. 1% of issuers in the American bond market were rated as speculative, or "junk" .

He argues that life insurance is a better way to gain financial exposure than banks or card issuers.

This leaves us with issuers.

Stock prices in China have tumbled by more than 50 per cent this year, forcing countless potential issuers to shelve plans to list.

Issuers might find that other sources of funding, such as advances from America's 12 Federal Home Loan Banks, are cheaper.

Issuers are likely to include strong banks repaying capital to the government and institutions that want to buy failed banks, Dunne said.

Asian issuers have raised a total of $28. 4bn since January.

It can optionally contain the certificate chain of issuers.

A 50% cut in those fees would reduce big card issuers' pre-tax income by 2-3. 4%, estimates Moody's, a ratings agency.

For example, can be long convertible bonds and short the underlying issuers equity.

The industry got going in the 1970s and at first provided insurance only for municipal-bond issuers, which rarely defaulted.

Q8. If you consider that there is no need for a growth company board in Hong Kong, what should be done with GEM and its existing issuers?

At present, only 20 percent of card issuers have annual fees, but experts think that will change soon.

The majority of the settlement, or about $129. 7m, will go to municipalities and other tax-exempt issuers, JPMorgan said.

Last year, Malaysia attracted a bevy of South Korean issuers, which sold bonds denominated in the ringgit , the Malaysian currency.

Dim sum bonds have raised $1. 3bn so far this year, according to Dealogic, more than $1bn of which was tapped by Chinese issuers.

Issuers raised more in Hong Kong than in New York, London and Singapore combined.

Hong Kong debutants have raised almost nine dollars for every one raised by new issuers in Singapore over the past decade.

Besides, as the caveat for $1bn-plus issuers suggests, China cannot afford to dispense with Hong Kong just yet.

But issuers still need to gain approval from Beijing to move the proceeds from Hong Kong to the mainland.

Several Theoretical Issuers about the Long-Term Preservation of Digital Information

Asia Pacific issuers accounted for 60 per cent of that, 75 per cent of which was issued by China and Hong Kong.

In drawing up terms and conditions for card services, card issuers should have due regard to consumer protection legislation;

Transaction Exemptions Available to Issuers of Securities

"More and more issuers will use Hong Kong to raise funds, " Ms Lam said.

Distributing the rights and interests of securities as entrusted by issuers;

Status Report on Issuers' Delay in Releasing Results Announcement

Issuers are prohibited from benefiting from conflicts that "a reasonable investor" would consider important;

On the Legal Relationship between Credit Card Issuers and Cardholders

Credit Bailout: Issuers Slashing Card Balances

Identification cards - Identification of issuers - Part 1: Numbering system; Technical Corrigendum 1

Issuers and Professional Advisers Survey

Report on Chinese Corporate Bonds Issuers

But issuers from other countries are starting to dip in;

Survey of Chinese Big Issuers of Corporate Bonds

Until then, Hong Kong can bank on hosting issuers needing to tap international investors