generic

But he also said he was more cautious about the promise of generics this time, because biotech medicines were not easy to copy.

The concept of a single generic typesafe DAO had been a topic since the appearance of generics in the Java language.

Pfizer's David Simmons even says that "generics are not the enemy of innovative pharma any longer" .

Big drug firms used to turn their noses up at the generics business, but the assault on their profits has forced them to think again.

Generics also allow you to reuse your code , creating generic algorithms that work with a variety of types .

Generics have been a controversial topic ever since they were added to the language in JDK 5.

Before digging into the ASM details, I'll start off with a look at how generics information is actually encoded into the binary classes.

You cannot comply with this guideline if your library targets versions of the. NET Framework that do not support generics.

We've all had a few head-scratching moments with generics, but far and away the trickiest part of generics is wildcards.

Generics allow you to define type - safe classes without compromising type safety , performance, or productivity .

He adds that generics companies held much-needed expertise and that the centre's goal is to leverage skills, not to compete.

The sizeable profits they have made from generics also look as if they will peak, since 2006 is the biggest year for new generic drugs.

But as many of these drug patents expire, competition from generics erodes some of the profitability of branded drug manufacturers.

Generics information from Java 5 programs can be very helpful in understanding program data structures.

One example is the name of method parameters and various generics type information, which get dropped moving from Java to bytecode.

Branded generics have the benefit of being a known entity and a recognizable name. This already differentiates them from plain generics.

This attribute is a simple text value that encodes the generics information for a class, field, method, or variable.

In the last section, I went through a quick run-through of the reflection methods used to access generics information.

As one of the nation's largest drug distributors, Amerisource Bergen has been an obvious beneficiary of the booming generics business.

And the boom is set to continue, with the American generics sector forecast to grow by over 9% a year to 2012.

Generics permit classes, struct s, interfaces, delegates, and methods to be parameterized by the types of data they store and manipulate.

However, a noisy chorus argues that the drug industry is making the prices of its products needlessly high by suppressing cheap generics.

Before, generics with in a new dosage or even new packaging could be classed as a new drug, and sold at higher prices.

Next month, I'm going to finish my coverage of generics with a recursive data structure analyzer built around ASM.

And during last week's raid by European investigators, one of the firms targeted was Teva, a generics pioneer.

Generics allow you to define type-safe data structures, without committing to actual data types.

He even expects the recession to boost sales, as governments look to generics to help control health-care costs.

Therefore, India should undertake this initiative, given its own track record in making cheap generics available to many countries.

Israeli generics maker Teva tells the Health Blog that suddenly customers were telling the company they couldn't get the drug anywhere else.

Do you really need someone to tell you that cooking at home is cheaper than going out, or that generics are cheaper than name brands?

Oftentimes, the only difference between brand names and generics is the price.

You can use templates instead of generics to resolve this error, or you can use one of several methods to create an instance of the type.

Describes how generics allow you to define type- safe collection classes .

As you can see in Listing 6, generics are once again leveraged to make all of this code type safe.

As an example of working with generics, I'm going to use a data structure representing directories and files on a collection of paths.

The designers of the generics specification needed to add typing information to Java binary classes that could be used by the Java compiler.

The compiler contains new diagnostic error messages for bean-style properties, custom attributes, generics, assemblies, and CLS-compliancy.

Generics permit classes, struct s, interfaces, delegates, methods to be parameterized by the types of data they storemanipulate.

Cost-conscious governments everywhere are bashing pricey patented drugs even as they boost cheap generics.

With so much at stake, it is odd then, that branded generics have made so little headway in the world's largest drug market.

The use of generics makes your code base much more maintainable, especially as it grows and you turn code elements into reusable libraries.

The generics support in the Java programming language is the most significant syntax change in its history.

Big Pharma has long flirted with branded generics, but this time it looks like the real thing.

This is a refreshing change from the politics of climate change, which is all about the generics.

One potential obstacle for China's emerging generics industry, however, may be its reputation for quality.

Our proprietary brands can't compete with the generics, especially those that are manufactured offshore.

This may roll out as a full consolidation, over time, between pharma, biotech and generics companies.

Lal told SciDev. Net he hopes to collaborate with the Indian generics industry once the centre is up and running.

If you decide to convert old code to use generics, you need to think carefully about how you modify the API.

This process requires understanding Java generics, because Hadoop prefers explicit type safety.

If you walk through the code, you will notice a few interesting facts about generics.

The big drug firms point out that authorised generics drive down the price of copies.

Generics information is stored in a new standard attribute: the signature attribute.

One task for physicians, however, is to instill confidence in patients regarding generics.

Jiangnan Generics south yangtze river to north Nanling. It Including Vast areas of Hunan, jiangxi and south hubei in before Qin dynasty.

Last time, I showed how you can use runtime reflection to access generics information.

Generics are implemented on the Java platform as a compile-time transformation.

The other tactic is to design your class and its methods to use generics.

Existing classes that were designed before generics may have semantics that resist the "obvious" generification approach.

From Japan to Germany, governments are liberalising drug markets, sweeping away barriers to generics.

As more drugs lose their patents, consumers will increasingly fill their prescriptions with generics.

You can define and deploy remote classes that utilize generics, and you can use programmatic or administrative configuration.

Some, like America's Pfizer, have experimented with licensing deals and alliances with Asian generics firms.

The Stack class would clearly benefit from the ability to specify its element type. With generics, that becomes possible.

Brand-name drugs are subject to the same bioequivalence tests as generics upon reformulation.

Generics provide type safety without the overhead of multiple implementations.

Discusses how generics authored in one. NET language may be used in other. NET languages.

Provides an overview of the many differences between generics and templates.

Using generics and annotations, support for lists of other types could be easily added.

Generics were less expensive than differentially priced branded ARVs, except where little generic competition exists.

In C#, you (as a developer) can define generics for classes, interfaces, structs, delegates, and methods.

It turns out there's a good reason it doesn't work that way: It would break the type safety generics were supposed to provide.

He argues that by joining with local generics firms, multinationals can get "cheap access to the middle class" in these markets.

Generics offer a number of advantages over Object-based collection classes.

Using C# 2. 0 Generics, it is possible to create what I have called a 'Singleton Provider'.

Uses generics internally for the actual collections holding the values.

The Chinese word for brands means "Famous Brand " and fame is an important component of Marketing. The Chinese don't trade down to generics.

Right now the profiler simply skips all assemblies containing generics, but that's pretty annoying.

This essay introduces generics, a new characteristic of programming language.

In C#, a generic type parameter cannot itself be a generic, although constructed types can be used as generics.

With something as complex as generics also comes challenges, both for tool vendors and developers.

Generics work a little differently for reference types.

"Generics firms need to be nimble and aggressive, " he observes.

Guice and EasyMock stand out as two frameworks I have been using that have used the power of generics to implement extraordinary typesafety.

Generics information in a Java 5 program provides a detailed road map of application data structures.

Generics let you tailor a method, class, structure, or interface to the precise data type it acts upon.

Two such missing features are exceptions and generics, both very helpful in other languages.

Ceylon includes support for inheritance, sequences (array or list construct), generics, named arguments, and more.

Pfizer's blockbuster Viagra will face competition from generics starting next year.

The following example demonstrates the IsAssignableFrom method using defined classes, integer arrays, and generics.

Whenever you declare a variable of a type that uses generics, you must specify the types to use.

In XAML 2009 we see full support for generics, non-default constructors, factory methods, built-in types, and defining new properties.

After three articles on generics, I'm ready for a change of topic!

All three allow matching on signatures, which for the Java 5 application includes annotations and generics.

Generics increase the type safety and maintainability of large programs.

Delves into AOP frameworks that support generics in the Java programming language.

Cipla, an Indian generics maker, and China's Desano Pharma are also getting into the biosimilars business.

All of the specific factories are implemented using generics - ControlsFactory class.

The end result is a data structure that reflects all the information you can deduce through the use of generics.

Simply put, generics provide compile-time type safety for collections.

First, I create an instance of the Stack class and limit it to String types (via Java 5 generics).

First, they are settling the lawsuits brought by generics firms, sometimes paying them to delay launching cheap pills.

The generics support comes along with project properties in the compiler settings pages.

The new generics could also be a boon to generic drug manufacturers such as Teva, Barr, and Mylan Labs.

Generics are most commonly used with collections and the methods that operate on them.

For generating source graphs that include generics.

Only the month before GSK had acquired 16% of Aspen, a South African maker of generics.

That means no generics, no autoboxing, and no new-style for-each loop.

Currently . NET languages such as VB and C# do not support covariance and contravariance for generics.

Generics support is a huge enhancement to the Java programming language, necessitating a long time for tool vendors to catch up.

The list of drugs includes only 143 different medicines and excludes many popular generics.

Apart from the Java 5 features that brought annotations, generics and enums into Groovy, a new operator finds its way into the language: ?

And you can save bucks by choosing cheaper generics with the same key ingredient.

This class relies on C# generics support for constraints [7], that allow to specify which constraints the client-specified types must obey.

To implement generics, the CLR and the MSIL language undergo some changes.

Use generics whenever possible instead of accepting Objectarguments.

Do that and suddenly your code is 80 percent generics, annotations, and enumerations.

Look into the $4 generics offered by chains like Target, Kroger, and Wal-Mart.

Simply put, there is significant untapped opportunity in the branded generics space.

I can then use generics to specify the explicit type for both the outgoing key and the value.

Generics are the most useful C# 2. 0 language extensions, beside Anonymous methods, Iterators, Partial types And Nullable types.

Now I ll use those methods to build a recursive processor to interpret generics.

Before I leave the topic of generics, there is one more important point to consider.

A second challenge to brands has come from generics manufacturers in industries such as pharmaceuticals.

New support for generics in the Java language is arguably the biggest change introduced by Java 5.

But for some in the health-care industry, generics can mean big money.

Compile-time type safety with generics: Generics are similar to C templates.

In 2008 Daiichi Sankyo, Japan's third-biggest drug company, bought Ranbaxy, an Indian generics-maker, in part to bring the drugs home.

A further challenge is the purchase of sufficient chelating agents: these are expensive drugs that are not available as generics.

The more likely outcome is that government health schemes will start demanding discounts from drugs firms, and will buy more generics.

If you need a quick tutorial on enums, generics, anonymous classes, and other useful features, you'll want to read this chapter.

Usage of C# generics allows to significantly simplifying this implementation (Listing 3).

Another big change are "generics. "

But they go a step further by considering the real-world, practical concerns of using generics in your work.

This class is a placeholder for use with generics.

With the advent of C# 2. 0 Generics, it is possible to write this code only once.

New language features such as generics strengthen the typing model and provide still more information to the compiler.

Editing any method that uses generics.

And as the WSJ reports today, pharmacy benefits managers are keeping a big share for themselves when the insured buy generics.

For . NET 2 and generics, neither co- nor contra-variance was supported.

Equinox, the OSGi runtime has been updated to support the new OSGi 4. 3 features (including generics), as covered previously.

by 2013 products accounting for 38% of current sales will be exposed to price competition from generics.

Just 21 new products made it onto the European market in 2010, along with some generics and niche treatments.

Generics The Pair class holds two values.

JSR 14: Added generics to the Java programming language.

Support for generics is limited.

These are not problems with generics per se, but with the practicality of language evolution and compatibility.

This is nice, but doesn't really take advantage of another important Tiger feature: generics (sometimes called parameterized types).

Demonstrates the use of generics with remoting.

And the irony is that patients often don't realize their savings from generics could be much bigger.

The most common use of generics is to create collection classes.

Piramel, based in India, is a branded generics company.

Let's see how annotations, enums and generics can be used from Groovy.

Frameworks such as Hibernate and EJB use metadata to specify the same information that can be defined using Java generics.

Always prefer using C# generics in data structures.

For example, consider generics; generics make all sorts of new type-safe operations possible, especially when it comes to Java collections.

For instance when you look at your groceries, can you replace some brands with generics so you can save some cash?

Generics can help you resolve coding problems earlier in the development cycle.

However, because of generics, the compiler now throws warnings when collections are used without type safety.

Note that the Generics must have a constraint on it.

Generics may well be added at some point.

With the. NET Framework 2. 0, this problem is solved with far less code, using generics.

Notice that JRE 5 defines the use of generics, specifying the type of collection.

Note: This article assumes familiarity with the basics of generics in JDK 5. 0.

Generics in the Run Time (C# Programming Guide).

For this article, I assume you already know the basics of generics.

You should keep this in mind when using generics.

Java 5 is required to compile JUnit 4 as it makes heavy use of annotations, generics, and other Java 5 language level features.

This is up substantially from the year 2000, when generics held only 49% of the market.

Only 18 applications were finalized for new products (down from 49 in 2009) while generics applications dropped to 15.

Chemists, such as Boots, tend to buy their generic prescription drugs from wholesalers or directly from generics manufacturers.

The sample code requires Java 5 because it uses both generics and annotations.

Create a UML package named generics under the library package.

The current version (0. 3. 2) is compatible with Java 5 and supports generics.

at that time , there were no mechanisms to allow quick registration of generics.

You should now have a good grasp of what generics can buy you and how they can make your programs more maintainable.

Generics makers will look at this market and ask: Is it worth the fight?

You can easily alter it to not use generics if you like, then it will run with older JDKs.

The biggest news is that the debugger now has support for C# 2. 0 features such as generics, anonymous methods and iterators .

Even without generics, Visual Basic has always provided some mechanisms for dealing with objects, regardless of their type.

Approximately 60% of last year's $121 billion savings came from generics approved over the past 10 years, it adds.

For example, a CodeProject article can be found here: "Generics in C# 2. 0" by Ansil.

The country's "generics" pharmaceutical industry now provides drugs to about half the 700, 000 HIV-infected people in developing countries.

But they can make generics a little more confusing, and frustrating, to learn and use.

Lately more and more people have gained enough experience with Generics to see that they really are very hard to use

You can define method-specific generic type parameters even if the containing class does not use generics at all

To put this into practice, let us check if the generics information is kept on class fields

Improvement of the. NET Object - Oriented Designing Method Using Generics Technique

Generic Series: An Introduction to the Canadian Generics Market - Key trends and leading companies shaping the market

To encourage generics makers to challenge patents on drugs, and introduce cheaper copies,

Generics (Draft-Distributed for comment purposes only)

The compiler developers showed me a paper proposing a solution that would keep all kinds of compatibility based on generics;

For a complete treatment of generics in AspectJ 5, please refer to the

Patent Dispute Resolution Relating to Generics

Generics support four types of constraints

Advantages and Limitations of Generics

Sidebar: Implementing Factory Pattern using C# generics

Information technology - Programming languages - Modula-2, generics in Modula-2

The Research and Exploration of Generics in Java

updated entire codebase for Java 5 code style (generics, varargs)

Some limitations of generics in the JSR-14 prototype compiler

Diagnosing Java code: Java generics without the pain, Part 2

Form. The rule to remember is that generics wildcards are

Listing 1. Sample code for the library system modeled using generics

C2991 can also occur when using generics

Using C# 2. 0 Generics to achieve a reusable Singleton pattern

APIs and Generics Market Entry in Japan