The effect of oxygen rate and lance level on bath stirring, splashing and penetrating depth has been studied in a converter through water model experiment.

In this paper, a method of determination of the freezing point with "a ice water bath of lower and unchanged temperature, lower cold in part, airtight tube, stirring with a machinery" is reported.

The influences of each component content in plating bath, temperature and stirring speed on electroless nickel plating were discussed.