The results of XPS show that palladium was almost in zerovalence state.
XPS结果表明，钯几乎全部以零价态存在。
2
Most optical oscillator strengths for the transitions between valence band and conduction band are nearly equal to zero.
价带顶和导带底附近的带间跃迁振子强度大部分都近乎为零；
3
The zero-valence iron process is a competitive method for treating reactive brilliant orange X-GN wastewater because of its high efficiency and low price.