Instead of examining content, he looks at how messages move through networks, on the theory that the traffic flow of legitimate messages and spam should be different.

The paper states the basic theory and realization flow of elastic impedance inversion, and analyses its features of application in CBM reservoir prediction through the inversion of practical data.

Stem flow gauge can measure plant flow rate directly. In this paper, we have evaluated the value of the instrument through farmland experiment and theory calculation.