The insurgents are growing in influence, control larger parts of the country, and are setting up "shadow governments" such as courts that offer quick justice.
BBC: McChrystal's blunt warning to the West
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Some run shadowgovernments, or, bluntly, extortion rackets.
ECONOMIST: India's restive north-east
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There is a shadow banking system in China where municipal governments set up various types of investment vehicles to invest in local companies.