The country has also long been immensely proud of its bureaucrats-they, too, date back to the samurai who sheathed their swords and became penpushers from the 1600s onwards.
同样,该国长期以来对其官僚深为自豪——而这些官僚同样可回溯至17世纪以来弃武从文的武士们。
2
As a result, industry was over manned and pen-pushers were everywhere.