Linear dichroism (LD) spectroscopy is an important technique in the study of the orientation and organization of pigments in the photosynthetic membrane complexes in vivo and in vitro .
线二色光谱（LD）是研究色素分子在光合膜上空间取向和排布的重要手段。
2
The surface composition and structure of membrane were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electronic microscopy and atomic force microscopy.
红外光谱仪对所制备膜的化学组成进行表征。
3
The surface compositions of the pretreated PVDF membrane were determined by Fourier transform adsorption spectrum (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).