Velocity for loss of nickel is also influenced by nickel content in catalyst and space velocity of carrier gas Kinetic equation of nickel loss was obtained.

Engine noise is the greatest part of the vehicle noise, it consists of many kinds of noise especially gas kinetic noise, mechanical noise and combustion noise.

Finally an anisotropic two-phase turbulence model for dense gas-particle flows combining the usm model with the particle kinetic theory is proposed.