This Lamb shift is a result of the interactions between the electron and the constituent quarks of the proton as described by QED.
兰姆位移是电子与质子组分夸克相互作用的结果，这一现象被描述为量子电动力（QED）。
2
And the formulas of electron beam to wave interaction power, frequency shift, starting current and etc. are derived. Then some discussions and analyses are carried out in detail.
推出了电子注与波的互作用功率、频偏和起振电流等公式，并进行了详细的讨论和分析。
3
With the two dimensional electron gas model, considering the nonlinear shift of Fermi level with electron gas density, the DC output characteristics is calculated.