Objective: the carcinogenesis is related to not only environmental exposure but also individual genetic diathesis such as the polymorphisms of genes.
目的：结直肠肿瘤的发病除了受到环境暴露的影响外，还与个体的遗传因素如基因多态性有很大的相关性。
2
The course covers radiation therapy, radiation syndromes in humans and carcinogenesis. Environmental radiation sources on earth and in space, and aspects of radiation protection are also discussed.