| 单词 | 通货紧缩 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 | 通货紧缩 —deflationSee also:通货 n—currency n 紧缩 n—austerity n • crunch n 紧缩—recession • cut back (budget etc) 紧缩 v—tighten v • reduce v
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同时，税款收入减少以及更加坚持实现预算平衡甚至财政盈余的做法进一步限制 了政府开支，包括社会开支，带来了 通货紧缩 和 助长周期性的后果。 daccess-ods.un.org | Meanwhile, lower tax revenues and increasing insistence on balanced budgets, or even fiscal surpluses, have [...] further constrained government spending, including social [...] expenditure, with deflationary and pro-cyclical [...]consequences. daccess-ods.un.org |
目前家庭持续的去杠杆化以及政府的财政紧缩措施，再加上顽固 的高失业率，使欧洲面临着进入 通货紧缩 的 下 行恶性循环的极大风险。 daccess-ods.un.org | Together with persistent high unemployment, the still ongoing [...] deleveraging by households [...] and fiscal austerity measures by Governments is keeping the risk of Europe entering into a downward, deflationary spiral dangerously high. daccess-ods.un.org |
此后，市 [...] 场自由化、经济全球化和有周期性倾向而且往往造 成 通货紧缩 的 宏 观财政政策取 代了许多促进发展和抗经济周期的凯恩斯主义政策。 daccess-ods.un.org | Many developmental and counter-cyclical Keynesian policies were subsequently [...] replaced by market liberalization, economic globalization and [...] pro-cyclical, often deflationary, macrofinancial [...]policies. daccess-ods.un.org |
由于本国货币异常强劲，瑞士发生很轻微 的 通货紧缩。 daccess-ods.un.org | Switzerland has been experiencing [...] very slight deflation owing to the exceptional strength of its currency. daccess-ods.un.org |
对本地区大多数国家而言，美元坚挺的效应 是 通货紧缩 ， 由 于欧洲经济要为控制 主权债务进行挣扎，预期美元将进一步坚挺。 daccess-ods.un.org | The strength of the United [...] States dollar is deflationary for most countries [...]in the region and the dollar is expected to [...]strengthen further as the European economy struggles to contain the sovereign debt crisis. daccess-ods.un.org |
就 2009 年而言，贴现因数是 0.9703，即 2009 年的 1 个现值美 元=以 [...] 2008 年不变值计算的 1.9703 美元，与该年总体的通货紧缩趋势 相吻合。 daccess-ods.un.org | For the year 2009, the discounting factor was 0.9703, [...] i.e., $1 current 2009 = 1/.9703 in constant 2008 terms, corresponding [...] to an overall deflationary trend during [...]the year. daccess-ods.un.org |
2010 年拉脱维亚预计将出现百分之几的 通货紧缩 ， 这 也可能发生 在希腊等欧元区的一些重债经济体。 daccess-ods.un.org | Latvia is [...] expected to experience deflation of several per [...]cent during 2010 and that may also happen in some of the highly [...]indebted eurozone economies such as Greece. daccess-ods.un.org |
然而，考虑到这些估算值将在2008年夏季确定，某些专家想 要知道秘书处是否打算修改其ZRG估算结果，其中包括考虑到当前指标显示通货膨胀 率较低以及在某些情况下发达经济体出 现 通货紧缩 ， 是 否修改第四部分中的预期费用 追加额。 unesdoc.unesco.org | However considering that these estimates were determined in the summer of 2008, certain experts questioned whether the Secretariat had any intentions to revise its ZRG estimates, including anticipated cost increases in Part IV of the budget, especially considering that current indicators now show lower inflation levels and in some cases deflationary levels for advanced economies. unesdoc.unesco.org |
它们妨碍了避免经济震荡造成累积 通货紧缩 效 应 的努 力，使社会更容易长期陷于脆弱和危难状态，尤其是在多种震荡接踵而至的情况 [...] 下，粮食、燃料和金融危机正是这种情况。 daccess-ods.un.org | This hinders efforts to avoid [...] the cumulative deflationary effects of economic [...]shocks and contributes to perpetuate a situation [...]of vulnerability and social distress, particularly when multiple shocks come each on top of the other as was the case with the food, fuel and financial crises. daccess-ods.un.org |
而在其他国家，与国际援助伴随而来的 是 通货紧缩 因 素， 后者抑制了需求并影响了穷人的收入。 daccess-ods.un.org | In others, international assistance was [...] accompanied by deflationary elements that [...]depressed demand and affected the incomes of the poor. daccess-ods.un.org |
最近欧元区的债务危机进一步加快高债国家进行财政 整顿，这可能会使刚刚起步的增长放缓，转 向 通货紧缩 下 的 二次衰退。 daccess-ods.un.org | The recent euro zone debt crisis further accelerated the move by countries with high debt levels towards [...] fiscal consolidation, which risks slowing down incipient growth and turning into [...] double-dipped recession with deflation. daccess-ods.un.org |
在欧洲，与其现行由债务困扰国通过痛苦的衰退 性 通货紧缩 来 进 行不对称调整， 不如采取更对称的渐进步骤；存在更大财政空间的国家在整个欧元区推动通货再 [...] 膨胀，从而也支持债务困扰国的恢复，并为其缓解一些财政痛苦，同时为所有经 济体的结构改革和随后将逐步实施的中期财政紧缩计划创造更有利的条件。 daccess-ods.un.org | In Europe, instead of the present asymmetric [...] adjustment through recessionary deflation — where most of the [...]pain is concentrated on the [...]countries in debt distress — it would entail a more symmetrical and sequenced approach with countries with greater fiscal space pushing for euro areawide reflation, thereby also supporting the recovery in debt-distressed countries and ease some of their fiscal pains, as well as creating for all economies more benign conditions for structural reforms and medium-term fiscal consolidation plans to be phased in subsequently. daccess-ods.un.org |
尽管失业率有所下降，就业和收入条件并不乐观，持 续 通货紧缩压 力 依然是实现更加强劲复苏的一大障碍。 daccess-ods.un.org | Despite a slight decline in the unemployment rate, employment and [...] income conditions remain inauspicious [...] while persistent deflationary pressures continue [...]to form a major obstacle to a more robust recovery. daccess-ods.un.org |
尽管采取了积极的财政措施， 美国、欧盟和日本以及一些发展中国家还是经历 了 通货紧缩。 daccess-ods.un.org | Despite active fiscal measures, the United States of America, EU and Japan, as well as some developing [...] countries, have experienced deflation. daccess-ods.un.org |
该国在过去二十年的大部分时间里，都一直处 在 通货紧缩 的 经 济衰退中；它属于在低成本地区的高成本产出国；其人口构成比较老龄化，而且在加剧中；其市场过去 [...] 曾有过许多错误的开始。 china.blackstone.com | The country [...] has been in a deflationary recession for [...]the better part of two decades; it is a high-cost producer in a low-cost [...]region; its population is old and getting older; and its market has had many false starts in the past. blackstone.com |
如图表 1 所示，我们可以看出 [...] 2000 年之后，名义 GDP 增长率的低迷以及通 货紧缩俨然 成了日本经济最显著的特征。 takamasu.net | As shown in Fig. 1, Japan’s economy after 2000 is characterized by the low [...] nominal GDP growth rates and the deflation. takamasu.net |
虽然日本银行通过实施量化宽松政策显示了抗 击 通货紧缩 的 决心，但核心消费价 格指数自 2009 [...] 年 2 月以来一直处于负数区间。 daccess-ods.un.org | Although the Bank of Japan showed its [...] commitment to combating deflation by implementing [...]quantitative easing, the core consumer [...]price index (CPI) has remained in negative territory since February 2009. daccess-ods.un.org |
重新平衡 的净影响可能导致通货紧缩，因 为美利坚合众国减少的私人消费，相当于世界产 出的 [...] 16%，不大可能被中国人增加的消费完全抵消。 daccess-ods.un.org | The net effect of [...] rebalancing could be deflationary, as the reduced [...]United States private consumption, representing 16 per [...]cent of world output, is unlikely to be fully offset by an increase in Chinese consumption. daccess-ods.un.org |
为了进一步提振经济，欧洲央行于9月初宣布计划购买问题成员国国债，以扶持成员国经济并防 范 通货紧缩 ， 但这一计划的前提是受困成员国需要遵从由欧盟(European [...] Union)监督执行的经济改革方案。 jpmifc.com | In order to further boost the economy, members of the European Central Bank in early September announced [...] plans to purchase issues Treasury bonds to support the economies of Member States and [...] to guard against deflation, but the premise [...]of the plan is beset [...]by the EU Member States need to comply with (European Union) to supervise the implementation of economic reform programmes. jpmifc.com |
2009 年，对联合国系统发展方面业务活动的捐款总额约为 219 亿美元，以实 [...] 值计算与 2008 年相同(2009 年的通货紧缩是名 义数字较低的原因)，约占官方发 [...]展援助总额(不包括债务减免)的 18%。 daccess-ods.un.org | Total contributions to operational activities for development of the United Nations system in 2009 amounted to [...] some $21.9 billion, the same in real [...] terms as in 2008 (deflation in 2009 accounted [...]for lower nominal figures) and accounted [...]for about 18 per cent of total official development assistance (ODA), excluding debt relief. daccess-ods.un.org |
虽然 之后因通货紧缩而有所回升，但负增长部分的恢复 和 通货紧缩 所 引 起的变化极小，实际 GDP 水平仍然处于低位，因此国民都无法感受到经济回暖的迹象。 takamasu.net | Although it has gradually recovered after the shock, the recovery is the sum of only a part of the big fall and a slight increase of the real GDP caused by the deflation. takamasu.net |
尽管Plosser称，他认为短期内没有通货膨胀 或 通货紧缩 风 险，但他担心，新的债券购买计划引发的美联储资产规模扩大以及将接近于零的短期利率维持到2015年中期的做法可能会导致通胀预期失稳。 jpmifc.com | While Plosser said he [...] thinks no inflation or deflation risk in the [...]short term, but he fears that raised new bond-buying [...]program the federal reserve asset scale and near-zero short-term interest rates to 2015 medium-term approach may result in unstable inflation expectations. jpmifc.com |
如果通胀压力持续上 升，主管当局可能觉得必须更加 紧缩货 币 政 策，这很可能在展望期间削弱国内需 求和经济增长。 daccess-ods.un.org | If inflationary pressures continue to rise, authorities may feel a need for more aggressive monetary tightening, which would likely [...] weaken domestic [...]demand and economic growth in the outlook period. daccess-ods.un.org |
2011 年初，由于粮食和能源价格上涨，通胀加速升高，在 一些通胀率已经相当高的国家，其中包括匈牙利和波兰 ， 紧缩货 币 政策 使 通 胀加 快。 daccess-ods.un.org | In early 2011, inflation accelerated owing to higher food and energy prices and, in the case of [...] several countries with already [...] relatively high inflation rates, including Hungary and Poland, by tightening monetary policy. daccess-ods.un.org |
不过，现在为时尚早，未能确知 紧缩货 币 政策是不是现时抑 制 通 货 膨 胀和刺 激增长的最佳手段。 daccess-ods.un.org | It is too early to tell, however, [...] whether tight monetary policy is the best instrument to curb inflation and stimulate [...]growth at this time. daccess-ods.un.org |
许多国家奉行紧缩货币政 策，以消除粮价和油价上涨造成 的 通 货 膨 胀。 daccess-ods.un.org | Many countries are pursuing contractionary monetary policies to combat inflation caused by rising [...] food and oil prices. daccess-ods.un.org |
通过构成元件的标准化和批量生产体 制，降低价格、缩短交货期。 nachi-fujikoshi.co.jp | Components are all standard and mass produced, so parts are readily available at low prices. nachi-fujikoshi.co.jp |
这次金融和经济危机特别是对发展中国家妇女的经济赋权产生了不利影响， 其主要传导机制是：全球出口下降，直接影响到出口部门的生产，然 后 通 过 消 极倍 增效应对国内市场产生不利影响(特别是出口依赖型经济国)；发展中国家的资本流 入骤减；援助具有助长周期性波动的性质；危机对移徙工人产生影响，从而影响到 汇款；随之而出现的是汇率贬值，影响到国内生产和价格；全球粮价的异常波动产 生影响；很多发展中国家财政紧缩已 经 导致重大公共开支的削减和社会发展收益的 减少，进而影响基本服务的提供，使社会发展成果付之东流，并影响生活品质。 daccess-ods.un.org | The main transmission mechanisms of the financial and economic crisis that have had negative impacts on women’s economic empowerment, especially in developing countries, have been the global decline in exports, which has directly affected production in the export sector [...] and subsequently [...] domestic markets through negative multiplier effects (especially in export-dependent economies); significant declines in capital flows to the developing world; the pro-cyclical nature of aid; the impact of the crisis on migrant workers and therefore on remittances; the consequent exchange rate devaluation, which has affected domestic production and prices; the impact of extreme volatility in global food prices; and the fiscal constraints in many developing countries that have already led [...]to cutbacks in important [...]public expenditures and social development gains, thereby affecting access to basic services, reversing social development gains and adversely affecting their quality of life. daccess-ods.un.org |
工业界的企业信心指数在 2011 年年初 已恢复到危机前的高峰，但经济在今年剩余时间将面临强大的阻力：外部需求放 缓，石油和粮食价格升高带来的高通 胀 率 ，整个区域范围的财 政 紧 缩 和 紧缩货币 政 策，同时大多数国家的住房市场继续冷落。 daccess-ods.un.org | Industrial business confidence indicators have returned to pre-crisis peaks in early 2011, but economies will face strong headwinds in the rest of the [...] year: slower external [...] demand, higher inflation stemming from elevated oil and food prices, region-wide fiscal austerity and tighter monetary policy, while [...]the housing market [...]continues to languish in most countries. daccess-ods.un.org |
另一方面，预计印度 2012 年的经济增长速 将从 6.9%增至 7.5%，因为该国对通胀进 行的微调将使得它能够对 本年度货币紧缩周期 适当放松，从而推动取得进一步增长。 daccess-ods.un.org | India, on the other hand, is expected to improve its growth performance from 6.9 per cent to [...] 7.5 per cent in 2012 as [...] moderating inflation would allow an unwinding of the cycle of monetary tightening during the current [...]year, thus unleashing growth impulses. daccess-ods.un.org |
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