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External sources (not reviewed)

海南省认为海南岛内的旅游资 [...] 源已不能满足旅游业的增长需求，并在 1994 年向中央政府提交申请在西沙群岛开发高端旅游项目。 crisisgroup.org	Believing that the limited tourism resources of Hainan Island were no longer sufficient to meet the growing demand for tourism, [...] the province submitted a proposal to the central government in 1994 to develop [...] high-end tourism on the Paracel Islands. crisisgroup.org
他们通过军用飞机和政府的补给船将游客运至西沙群岛。 crisisgroup.org	They use military planes or government supply ships to bring [...] tourists to the Paracel Islands. crisisgroup.org
有关引发中国和越南之间外交危机的西沙群岛高端旅游项目，见第 IV 章 C 节，“地方经济利益”。 crisisgroup.org	For the high-end tourism [...] projects on the Paracel Islands that caused a diplomatic [...] crisis between China and Vietnam, see Section IV. crisisgroup.org
实际掌控西沙群岛的是海军，而这些岛屿起着海军基地与旅游者之间的屏障作用，因此对海军的说服工作最为困难。 crisisgroup.org	One of the most difficult to convince was the Navy, which has de facto control of the Paracel Islands, which helps it keep tourists away from its military bases. crisisgroup.org
越军逃离后，中国全面控制了西沙群岛。 crisisgroup.org	When Vietnamese troops fled, China established [...] full control of the Paracels. crisisgroup.org
2009 年，海南省说服国家旅游局共同提交另一份发展“海南国际岛”的申请，其范围包括西沙群岛。 crisisgroup.org	In 2009, it persuaded the National Tourism [...] Administration to jointly submit another proposal to develop a “Hainan [...] international tourism island”, including the Paracels. crisisgroup.org
2010 年 1 月，越南谴责中国在西沙群岛建立地方政府机构并开发当地旅游资源的决定，认为这是对越南主权的侵犯。 crisisgroup.org	In January 2010, Hanoi condemned China’s decision to [...] establish local governing [...] bodies in the Paracel Islands and develop the islands’ tourism industry [...] as a violation of Vietnamese sovereignty. crisisgroup.org
但值得一提的是中国曾在1974年和1988年两次以致命武力驱走了西沙群岛的越南人。 project-syndicate.org	But it is worth recalling that China used lethal force to expel Vietnamese [...] from the Paracel Islands in 1974 and 1988. project-syndicate.org
1974 年，中国侵入西沙群岛时，中国和南越爆发了战斗。 crisisgroup.org	In 1974, fighting erupted between the Chinese and South Vietnamese navies [...] when China invaded the western Paracels. crisisgroup.org
在 1997 年至 2000 年间，海南省政府与海军军方、南海舰队及驻扎在西沙群岛的榆林海军基地的官员展开了多轮磋商，最终于 2000 年成功说服他们共同向国务院和中央军委提交联合申请，开放西沙群岛的旅游资源。 crisisgroup.org	Hainan government officials held multiple talks with the [...] Navy, the South Fleet and officers at Yulin Base on the Paracel Islands from 1997 to 2000, finally persuading it in 2000 to submit a joint application to the State Council and Central Military Commission to open the Paracels for tourism.255 The State Council’s final approval of the plan in 2007 triggered strong protests from Vietnam, and Hainan suspended the plan shortly afterwards.256 Yet Hainan persisted in its effort to push the State Council to renew its approval of the tourism plan. [...] crisisgroup.org
海南省政府得以推动发展南沙和西沙群岛的旅游计划，并鼓励渔民在有争议海域捕鱼。 crisisgroup.org	In an online discussion with Chinese internet users on 6 January 2012, Yu Xianliang, deputy head of the department of boundary and ocean affairs said that it was unrealistic to expect the nine-dashed line to accord with the UNCLOS as the former came into existence 35 years before the latter’s promulgation in 1982. crisisgroup.org
HS.TS.VN 的标志，3 者分别代表西沙群岛、南沙群岛和越南以及组织农民抗议腐败的行动完全属于《公约》第十二、第十九和第二十二条所分别保障的权利的范围。 daccess-ods.un.org	VN logo, which stands for Hoang Sa, Truong Sa, Viet Nam; and organizing farmers to protest against corruption fall squarely within the scope of the rights guaranteed by articles 12, 19 and 22 of the Covenant, respectively. daccess-ods.un.org
128 然而，中海油于 2011 年 5 月决定参与在西沙群岛附近有争议水域开发能源储备的竞标，从而让人怀疑制约这些公司的因素是否有所松动。 crisisgroup.org	Vietnam and China also lack an effective mechanism for handling such incidents, although a hotline was established between the two governments during the agreement to the Guidelines for the Implementation of the DOC in 2011. crisisgroup.org
虽然毗临各国海岸线的海域并非这一争端的焦点，但各国在南沙群岛和西沙群岛等远离海岸地区和数个珊瑚礁和海域所声索的范围大幅重叠。 crisisgroup.org	While the areas along the coastlines of these countries are not the focus of this dispute, the various claims overlap significantly further off shore in areas such as the Spratly and Paracel Islands, and in a number of coral reefs and maritime zones.1 In addition to a desire to protect sovereign territorial integrity, much of the attention on the South China Sea stems from the region’s abundant natural resources and strategic location.2 The sea accounts for approximately 10 per cent of the annual global fisheries catch, making it extremely important to the fishing industries of nearby countries.3 The region as a whole is also rich in both oil and natural gas, which has led to speculation that the disputed territories could crisisgroup.org
与照会一同呈交的还有一份地图，地图上含九段线，将包括西沙和南沙群岛在内的大部分南海圈定在内。 crisisgroup.org	Although regional dynamics are a major [...] factor in Chinese policy [...] on the South China Sea, this report does not include discussion of these [...] issues as they will be the subject of a separate paper. crisisgroup.org
南海舰队总部在广东，其管辖地区为海南省西南部的南澳岛，包括西沙和东沙群岛。 crisisgroup.org	Headquartered in Guangdong, the South [...] Sea Fleet geographically covers [...] the region south west of Hainan’s Nan Ao Island, including Paracel and Spratly Islands. crisisgroup.org
其它东南亚国家之间的边界争端包括柬埔寨和越南（Dak Jerman/Dak Duyt，Dak Dang/Dak Huyt，德浪河谷地区和 Baie 岛屿/Koh Ta Kiev， Milieu/Koh Thmey ， Eau/Koh Ses，Pic/Koh Thonsáy 及北部的 Pirates / Koh Po）；缅甸和泰国（Doi Lang，三塔山口）；印度尼西亚和马来西亚（Karang Unarang ，利吉丹和西巴丹， [...] Ambalat）；印度尼西亚和东帝汶（Citrana Bijael Sunaen ，Memo 和 Pulau Batek / Fatu Sinai）；马来西亚和菲律 [...] 宾（沙巴/北婆罗洲）；菲律宾和越南（马格斯菲特海岸）；及越南，菲律宾，马来西亚和文莱（南沙群岛）。 crisisgroup.org	Additional border disputes between South East Asian nations include Cambodia and Vietnam (Dak Jerman/Dak Duyt, Dak Dang/Dak Huyt, the La Drang area and the islands of Baie/Koh Ta Kiev, Milieu/Koh Thmey, Eau/Koh Ses, Pic/Koh Thonsáy and the Northern Pirates/Koh Po); Myanmar and Thailand (Doi Lang, Three Pagodas Pass); Indonesia and Malaysia (Karang Unarang, Ligitan and Sipadan, Ambalat); Indonesia and TimorLeste (Citrana, Bijael Sunaen, Memo and Pulau Batek/Fatu Sinai); Malaysia and the Philippines [...] (Sabah/North Borneo); Philippines and Vietnam (Macclesfield Bank); and Vietnam, [...] Philippines, Malaysia and Brunei (Spratly Islands). crisisgroup.org
利时、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、保加利亚、加拿大、克罗地亚、塞浦路斯、捷克共和国、丹麦、爱沙尼亚、芬兰、法国、格鲁吉亚、德国、希腊、匈牙利、冰岛、爱尔兰、以色列、意大利、日本、拉脱维亚、列支敦士登、立陶宛、卢森堡、马耳他、马绍尔群岛、密克罗尼西亚联邦、摩纳哥、黑山、荷兰、新西兰、挪威、帕劳、波兰、葡萄牙、大韩民国、摩尔多瓦共和国、罗马尼亚、圣马力诺、塞尔维亚、斯洛伐克、斯洛文尼亚、西班牙、瑞典、瑞士、前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、土耳其、乌克兰、联合王国、美利坚合众国。 daccess-ods.un.org	Albania, Andorra, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, [...] Cyprus, Czech [...] Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Marshall Islands, Micronesia (Federated States of), Monaco, Montenegro, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Palau, [...] Poland, Portugal, [...] Republic of Korea, Republic of Moldova, Romania, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States of America. daccess-ods.un.org
后来又有安提瓜和巴布达、比利时、伯利兹、保加利亚、克罗地亚、塞浦路斯、捷克共和国、丹麦、萨尔瓦多、爱沙尼亚、斐济、芬兰、法国、格鲁吉亚、德国、希腊、格林纳达、几内亚、圭亚那、海地、匈牙利、冰岛、爱尔兰、意大利、牙买加、日本、肯尼亚、拉脱维亚、卢森堡、马达加斯加、马耳他、密克罗尼西亚联邦、荷兰、挪威、波兰、葡萄牙、罗马尼亚、斯洛伐克、斯洛文尼亚、所罗门群岛、西班牙、瑞典、多哥、土耳其和乌干达加入为该决议草案提案国。 hcoc.at	Subsequently, Antigua and Barbuda, Belgium, [...] Belize, Bulgaria, [...] Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, El Salvador, Estonia, Fiji, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Grenada, Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, Latvia, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malta, Micronesia (Federated States of), the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Spain, Sweden, Togo, Turkey and Uganda joined in sponsoring [...] the draft resolution. hcoc.at
自 2009 年以来，中国渔政指挥中心下属的南海区渔政局已经向南沙群岛附近西南方向的捕鱼区派遣了 10 艘巡逻舰保卫中国渔船。 crisisgroup.org	Since 2009, the South Sea Region Fisheries Administration under the China Fisheries Law Enforcement Command has sent more [...] than ten fisheries patrol [...] boats into the south west fishing area near Spratly Islands to safeguard Chinese [...] fishing boats. crisisgroup.org
在同次会议上，爱沙尼亚、埃塞俄比亚、捷克共和国、科特迪瓦、乌克兰、圭亚那、塔吉克斯坦、突尼斯、斐济、老挝人民民主共和国、莱索托、列支敦士登、马耳他、尼泊尔、博茨瓦纳、多民族玻利维亚国、所罗门群岛、圣卢西亚和厄瓜多尔的观察员发了言。 daccess-ods.un.org	At the same meeting, statements were made by the observers for Estonia, Ethiopia, the Czech Republic, Côte d’Ivoire, Ukraine, Guyana, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Fiji, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Malta, Nepal, Botswana, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Solomon Islands, Saint Lucia and Ecuador. daccess-ods.un.org
如果中国的意图是将南沙群岛周边海域划为全权专属经济区(EEZs)，那么它将与菲律宾、文莱、马来西亚和越南所声索的专属经济区大幅重叠，因而可能产生深远后果。 crisisgroup.org	The former’s claim to the Spratly Islands may have far-reaching consequences if it intends to claim full exclusive economic zones (hereafter [...] EEZs) around those islands, [...] which would then overlap significantly with the EEZs claimed by the Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia and Vietnam. crisisgroup.org
随后，奥地利、比利时、保加利亚、克罗地亚、塞浦路斯、捷克共和国、丹麦、爱沙尼亚、芬兰、法国、德国、希腊、匈牙利、冰岛、爱尔兰、意大利、拉脱维亚、立陶宛、卢森堡、马耳他、荷兰、波兰、葡萄牙、罗马尼亚、斯洛伐克、斯洛文尼亚、西班牙、瑞士和美利坚合众国加入为提案国。 daccess-ods.un.org	Subsequently, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, [...] Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland and the United [...] States of America joined the sponsors. daccess-ods.un.org
在本届会议上，社会科学及人文科学委员会和自然科学委员会审议了 35 C/COM SC/DR.1 号文件所建议的决议（提案国：奥地利、比利时、玻利维亚多民族国、布基纳法索、刚果、朝鲜民主主义人民共和国、丹麦、吉布提、多米尼加共和国、芬兰、冰岛、利比亚、立陶宛、卢森堡、马达加斯加、新西兰、荷兰、挪威、帕劳、巴布亚新几内亚、波兰、 [...] [...] 葡萄牙、萨摩亚、塞内加尔、斯洛文尼亚、瑞典、图瓦卢和乌拉圭；共同提案国：巴巴多斯、哥斯达黎加、德国、哈萨克斯坦、拉脱维亚、黎巴嫩、马来西亚、摩纳哥、巴基斯坦、所罗门群岛、苏里南和赞比亚），要求总干事利用教科文组织独有的跨学科背景，加强教科 [...] 文组织在气候变化问题上的专业能力。 unesdoc.unesco.org	During this session, the SHS and SC Commissions examined the resolution proposed in document 35 C/COM SC/DR.1 (submitted by: Austria, Belgium, Plurinational State of Bolivia, Burkina Faso, Congo, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Finland, Iceland, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, New Zealand, Netherlands, Norway, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Poland, Portugal, Samoa, Senegal, Slovenia, Sweden, Tuvalu, Uruguay; co-sponsored by: Barbados, Costa Rica, Germany, [...] Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lebanon, [...] Malaysia, Monaco, Pakistan, Solomon Islands, Suriname, and Zambia), requesting the [...] Director-General [...] to strengthen UNESCO’s specialized capacity on climate change, building upon UNESCO’s unique interdisciplinary profile. unesdoc.unesco.org
阿尔巴尼亚、安哥拉、阿根廷、澳大利亚、孟加拉国、比利时、贝宁、保加利亚、布基纳法索、布隆迪、中国、刚果、刚果民主共和国、丹麦、吉布提、多米尼加共和国、萨尔瓦多、爱沙尼亚、危地马拉、冰岛、印度、爱尔兰、以色列、意大利、日本、肯尼亚、吉尔吉斯斯坦、马里、摩洛哥、波兰、大韩民国、摩尔多瓦共和国、罗马尼亚、卢旺达、塞内加尔、西班牙、泰国、前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、土耳其、乌克兰、美利坚合众国和津巴布韦随后加入为提案国。 daccess-ods.un.org	Subsequently, Albania, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Belgium, Benin, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, China, Congo, the Democratic Republic of the [...] Congo, Denmark, Djibouti, the [...] Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Estonia, Guatemala, Iceland, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Mali, Morocco, Poland, the Republic of Korea, the Republic of Moldova, Romania, Rwanda, Senegal, Spain, Thailand, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, [...] Turkey, [...] Ukraine, the United States of America and Zimbabwe joined the co-sponsors. daccess-ods.un.org
阿尔巴尼亚、安道尔、奥地利、白俄罗斯、比利时、波斯尼亚-黑塞哥维那、保加利亚、克罗地亚、捷克共和国、塞浦路斯、丹麦、爱沙尼亚、法罗群岛、芬兰、马其顿、法国、德国、直布罗陀、希腊、匈牙利、冰岛、爱尔兰、意大利、拉脱维亚、列支敦士登、立陶宛、卢森堡、马耳他、摩尔多瓦、摩纳哥、黑山、荷兰、挪威、波兰、葡萄牙、罗马尼亚、俄罗斯、圣马力诺、塞尔维亚和科索沃、斯洛伐克、斯洛文尼亚、西班牙、瑞典、瑞士、土耳其、乌克兰、英国或梵蒂冈城。 cn.eurail.com	Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, [...] Bosnia-Herzegovina, [...] Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Faeroer, Finland, FYR Macedonia, France, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Serbia and Kosovo, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom [...] or Vatican City. eurail.com
下列成员和准成员的代表在会上作了发言：亚美尼亚、澳大利亚、孟加拉国、文莱达鲁萨兰国、柬埔寨、中国、朝鲜民主主义人民共和国、斐济、中国香港、印度、印度尼西亚、伊朗伊斯兰共和国、日本、哈萨克斯坦、老挝人民民主共和国、马来西亚、蒙古、缅甸、尼泊尔、巴基斯坦、巴布亚新几内亚、菲律宾、大韩民国、俄罗斯联邦、萨摩亚、新加坡、所罗门群岛、斯里兰卡、泰国、汤加、图瓦卢、瓦努阿图和越南。 daccess-ods.un.org	Representatives of the following members and associate members made statements: Armenia; Australia; Bangladesh; Brunei Darussalam; Cambodia; China; Democratic People’s Republic of Korea; Fiji; Hong Kong, China; India; Indonesia; Iran (Islamic Republic of); Japan; Kazakhstan; Lao People’s [...] Democratic Republic; Malaysia; [...] Mongolia; Myanmar; Nepal; Pakistan; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Republic of Korea; Russian Federation; Samoa; Singapore; Solomon Islands; Sri Lanka; Thailand; Tonga; Tuvalu; Vanuatu; and Viet Nam. daccess-ods.un.org
本协定是库克群岛、基里巴斯、马绍尔群岛、密克罗尼西亚联邦、瑙鲁、纽埃、帕劳、萨摩亚、所罗门群岛、汤加、图瓦卢和瓦努阿图政府（均称为“国家”）和执行委员 [...] 会关于按照商定的《蒙特利尔议定书》时间表在 2020 年 1 月 1 日之前将附录 1-A所列消 [...] 耗臭氧层物质（“物质”）的控制使用减少到 2.11 ODP吨的持续总量的协定，但有一项理解，即：在根据第 7 条数据确定履约基准消费量后，将于 2011 年对该数字做一次性订正，根据第 60/44 号决定，将对供资做相应的调整。 multilateralfund.org	This Agreement represents the understanding of the Governments of [...] the Cook Islands, Kiribati, Marshall Islands (the), the [...] Federated States of Micronesia, [...] Nauru, Niue, Palau, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu (each of them will be referred as “the Country”) and the Executive Committee with respect to the reduction of controlled use of the ozone-depleting substances (ODS) set out in Appendix 1-A (“The Substances”) to a sustained aggregate level of 2.11 ODP tonnes prior to 1 January 2020 in compliance with Montreal Protocol schedules, with the understanding that this figure is to be revised one single time in 2011, when the baseline consumption for compliance would be established based on Article 7 data, with the funding to be adjusted accordingly, as per decision 60/44. multilateralfund.org
保加利亚* 、柬埔寨* 、佛得角* 、乍得* 、智利、哥斯达黎加、科特迪瓦* 、克罗地亚* 、塞浦路斯* 、萨尔瓦多* 、爱沙尼亚* 、芬兰* 、法国、格鲁吉亚、德国* 、希腊* 、危地马拉、洪都拉斯* 、匈牙利、冰岛* 、意大利、立陶宛* 、卢森堡* 、摩洛哥* 、荷兰* 、尼日利亚、挪威、巴拿马* 、巴勒斯坦* 、秘鲁、波兰* 、葡萄牙* 、摩尔多瓦共和国、罗马尼亚、圣基茨和尼维斯、塞内加尔、塞尔维亚、斯洛伐克* 、斯洛文尼亚* 、所罗门*群岛、西班牙*、瑞士、塔吉克斯坦、突尼斯* 、乌拉圭、津巴布韦* ：决议草案 daccess-ods.un.org	Albania* , Algeria* , Armenia* , Belgium, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina* , Bulgaria, Cambodia , Cape Verde, [...] Chad , Chile, Costa Rica, Côte [...] d’Ivoire* , Croatia* , Cyprus, El Salvador , Estonia* , Finland* , France* , Georgia* , Germany* , Greece* , Guatemala, Honduras* , Hungary, Iceland* , Italy, Lithuania* , Luxembourg* , Morocco, Netherlands , Nigeria, Norway, Panama* , Palestine* , Peru, Poland* , Portugal, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Saint Kitts and Nevis , Senegal, Serbia* , Slovakia, Slovenia *, Solomon Islands , Spain, Switze*rland, Tajikistan , Tunisia* , Uruguay, Zimbabwe* : draft resolution daccess-ods.un.org
(c) 另有9 个缔约国首次报告没有保留杀伤人员地雷：文莱达鲁萨兰国、库克群岛、爱沙尼亚、圭亚那、海地、科威特、帕劳、圣多美和普林西比和瓦努阿图 daccess-ods.un.org	(c) An additional 9 States Parties have reported for the first time that they [...] do not [...] retain anti-personnel mines: Brunei Darussalam, the Cook Islands, Estonia, Guyana, Haiti, Kuwait, Palau, Sao Tome and Principe [...] and Vanuatu. daccess-ods.un.org

西沙群岛 ()—

Paracel Islands, in the South China Sea

Examples:

西南中沙群岛—

See also:

群岛 n—

群岛—

▾
External sources (not reviewed)

西沙群岛 ()—

Paracel Islands, in the South China Sea

Examples:

西南中沙群岛—

See also:

群岛 n—

群岛—

▾External sources (not reviewed)

▾
External sources (not reviewed)