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External sources (not reviewed)

为了支持和鼓励会员国制定国家青年政策，教科文组织参加了与青年政策有关的几次重要会议和一些工作组，它们是：欧洲委员会研讨会“给文化重新定位：关于青年中的多样性、种族主义、性别和特性的思考”（匈牙利，布达佩斯，2003 年 6 月 10 日-15 日），欧洲委员会青年政策指标特设工作组的所有三次会议（法国斯特拉斯堡，2002 年 12 月 13 日-14 日；匈牙利布达佩斯，2002 年 7 月 1 日-3 日和法国斯特拉斯堡，2003 年 3 月 26 日-27 日）；国际青年政策大会（西班牙毕尔巴鄂，2003 年 3 月 19 日-21 [...] 日）；欧洲部长会议“青年建设欧洲”希腊塞萨洛尼基，2002 年 11 月 7 日-9 [...] 日）；伊美青年部长会议（西班牙萨拉曼卡，20 02 年 10 月 21 日-22 日）；联合国全球青年政策会议（芬兰赫尔辛基，2002 [...] 年 10 月 6 日-11 日）。 unesdoc.unesco.org	In order to support and encourage Member States to develop national youth policies, UNESCO participated in a few important meetings and working groups concerning youthrelated policies, namely: the Council of Europe Research Seminar “Re-situating Culture: Reflections on Diversity, Racism, Gender and Identity in the context of Youth” (Budapest, Hungary, 10-15 June, 2003); all three meetings of the Council of Europe task force on Youth Policy Indicators (Strasbourg, France, 13-14 December 2002; Budapest, Hungary, 1-3 July 2002 and Strasbourg, France, 26-27 March 2003); the International Congress on Youth Policies (Bilbao, Spain, 19-21 March 2003); the European Conference of Ministers “Youth constructing Europe” (Thessaloniki, Greece, 7-9 November [...] 2002); the IX Ibero-American Conference of [...] Youth Ministers (Salamanca, Spain, 21-22 October [...] 2002); the United Nations Meeting [...] on Global Policies for Youth (Helsinki, Finland, 6-11 October 2002). unesdoc.unesco.org
很经常发生的情况是，家长不得不选择要么确保其子女的需要得到满足（有时意味着，将子女安排在特殊教育学校中），要么确保其子女与其它儿童享有相同的权利和机会（根据萨拉曼卡声明，意味着将子女安排在主流学校中）。 unesdoc.unesco.org	Too often parents are forced to choose between ensuring that their child’s needs are met (which sometimes implies special school placement) and ensuring that they have the same rights and opportunities as other children (which, according to the Salamanca Statement, implies mainstream school placement). unesdoc.unesco.org
代表92个政府和25个国际组织的300多名与会者，1994年6月在西班牙萨拉曼卡举行会议，通过审议为提倡全纳教育的做法而必须进行的根本性政策转变，也就是说，让学校服务于所有的儿童，尤其是有特殊教育需要的儿童，从而进一步推动实现全民教育的目标9。 unesdoc.unesco.org	More than 300 participants representing 92 governments and 25 international organizations met in Salamanca (Spain, June 1994), to further the objective of EFA by considering the fundamental policy shifts required to promote the approach of inclusive education, namely enabling schools to serve all children, particularly those with special educational needs.9 Although the immediate focus of the Salamanca Conference was on special needs education, its conclusion was that: “Special needs education—an issue of equal concern to countries of the North and of the South—cannot advance in isolation. unesdoc.unesco.org
早在 10 年前，西班牙就建立了残疾人信息服务中心：这是一个专为残疾人提供各种信息的门户网站，由政府和萨拉曼卡大学下设的融入社区研究所共同主办。 daccess-ods.un.org	To give one example: 10 years ago the Disability Information Service, a portal containing information on disability, was established; it is a public network operated by the Government and the University of Salamanca (University Institute on Integration into the Community) (INICO). daccess-ods.un.org
教科文组织参加了青年和青年政策方面的几项重大活动：欧洲委员会举行的第二次青 [...] 年政策指标专家会议（法国斯特拉斯堡，2002 年 12 月 13-14 日）；以“青年人建设欧洲” 为议题的欧洲部长会议（希腊塞萨洛尼基，2002 年 11 月 7-9 [...] 日）；第九次伊比利亚 - 美洲青年部长会议（西班牙萨拉曼卡，2002 年 10 月 21-22 日）。 unesdoc.unesco.org	UNESCO has participated in several important events concerning youth and youth-related policies: the second experts meeting on Youth Policy Indicators organized by the Council of Europe (Strasburg, France, 13-14 December 2002); the European Conference of Ministers “Youth constructing Europe” (Thessaloniki, [...] Greece, 7-9 November 2002); the IX Ibero-American Conference of Youth [...] Ministers (Salamanca, Spain, 21-22 October 2002). unesdoc.unesco.org
西班牙萨拉曼卡大学翻译了 540 多个网页。 daccess-ods.un.org	The University of Salamanca in Spain translated over 540 pages. daccess-ods.un.org
Scotism似乎已达到了17世纪最伟大的流行开始时，在16和17世纪，我们甚至找到特别Scotist椅子，Eg位于巴黎，罗马，科英布拉，萨拉曼卡，阿尔卡拉，帕多瓦和帕维亚。 mb-soft.com	Scotism appears to have attained its greatest popularity at the beginning of the seventeenth century; during the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries we even find special Scotist chairs, eg at Paris, Rome, Coimbra, Salamanca, Alcalá, Padua, and Pavia. mb-soft.com
(c) 西文网站有大量更新页，这部分是自愿者和实习生以及西班牙萨拉曼卡大学两组师生的工作成果，共翻译了 1 893 页文字。 daccess-ods.un.org	(c) The Spanish website had a very high number of pages updated, partly as a result of the services of volunteers and interns, and of the work of two teams of faculty and students at the University of Salamanca in Spain, which delivered 1,893 pages translated into Spanish. daccess-ods.un.org
萨拉曼卡大会总结认为：“ 建设面向全纳的正规学校，是摒弃歧视态度，创建 [...] 持欢迎态度的社区，建立一个全纳社会，实现全民教育目标的一个最有效的手段；此外，还能为绝大多数儿童提供有效的教育机会，提高效率，并最终提高整个教育系统的成本效益。 unesdoc.unesco.org	The Conference concluded that: [...] “Regular schools with [an] inclusive [...] orientation are the most effective [...] means of combating discriminatory attitudes, creating [...] welcoming communities, building an inclusive society and achieving education for all; moreover, they provide an effective education to the majority of children and improve the efficiency and ultimately the cost-effectiveness of the entire education system. unesdoc.unesco.org
签署谅解备忘录的大学于 2011 年 5 月在西班牙萨拉曼卡大学举行第一次会议。 daccess-ods.un.org	The first conference of universities having signed memorandums of understanding was held in May 2011 and was hosted by the University of Salamanca, Spain. daccess-ods.un.org
联合国教科文组织的活动：萨拉曼卡会议任务之一是动员捐助人捐资用于实施开展兼容并包教育的学校和社区支持（IS&CS）计划，‘以便开展试办项目，展现新的传播方法’，并制定‘有关特需教育的需要与提供特需教育的指标’（教科文组织，1995 年，第 12 项）自 1994 年联合国教科文组织发起兼容并包教育以来，包括通过举办讲习班、研讨会、合作与网络；编写和传播培训材料与出版物；利用对好的做法开展实例研究，制定政策指导方针等一系列活动培养了能力。 unesdoc.unesco.org	UNESCO’s IE initiatives since 1994 have included capacitybuilding via workshops, seminars, partnerships and networks; the development and dissemination of training materials and publications; and the development of policy guidelines with case studies as examples of good practice to be followed. unesdoc.unesco.org
在此项目的研究阶段与舒莱进行合作的机构是：DTU Lyngby（丹麦）、Andritz KMPT AG（德国 Vierkirchen）、Merck [...] KG（德国达姆斯塔德）、弗莱贝格工业大学、FZMB（巴特朗恩萨尔扎）和卡尔斯鲁厄理工学院（德国）、都柏林大学（爱尔兰）、国家激光、等离子和辐射物理研究所（罗马尼亚）、Cluj Napoca [...] 国家同位素和分子技术研发院（罗马尼亚）、罗马尼亚布加勒斯特学院（罗马尼亚）、萨拉曼卡大学（西班牙）、Bühler AG Uzwil [...] 和瑞士联邦理工学院（瑞士）、伯明翰大学（英国）。 dupont.cn	The partners of the research phase of this project along with Solae are: DTU Lyngby from Denmark, Andritz KMPT AG Vierkirchen, Merck KG Darmstadt, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, FZMB Bad Langensalza and Karlsruher Institute für Technologie from Germany; University College Dublin from Ireland ; National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics Magurele, National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies Cluj Napoca and [...] Romanian Academy Bucharest from Romania; [...] Universidad de Salamanca from Spain; Bühler [...] AG Uzwil and Swiss Federal Institute [...] of Technology Zurich from Switerland; University Birmingham from the UK. www2.dupont.com
关于有特别教育需求的儿童，塞浦路斯说，该国充分实施了1994 年《萨拉曼卡声明和行动纲要》的原则。该纲要业已融入了国家特别立法。 daccess-ods.un.org	In relation to children with special educational needs, Cyprus stated that it fully implemented the principles of the 1994 Salamanca Statement and Framework for Action, which were embodied in special national legislation. daccess-ods.un.org
1994 年：《萨拉曼卡宣言》和《特殊需要教育行动纲领》第 3 段规定，“学校应该接纳所有的学生，而不考虑其身体、智力、社会、情感、语言及其它状况。 unesdoc.unesco.org	1994: the Salamanca Statement and Framework for Action on Special Needs Education stipulates that (para. 3) “schools should accommodate all children regardless of their physical, intellectual, social, emotional, linguistic or other conditions. unesdoc.unesco.org
背景：1994 年 7 月世界特需教育大会：机会和质量（在西班牙的萨拉曼卡召开）通过了“兼容并包教育”原则。 unesdoc.unesco.org	Background: In July 1994, the World Conference on Special Needs Education: Access and Quality (held in Salamanca, Spain) adopted the principle of “inclusive education”. unesdoc.unesco.org
教科文组织无疑已经是过去取得巨大进步的指路人，制定了从 1994 年《关于特殊需要教育的萨拉曼卡声明和行动框架》93 到 2008 年 11 月日内瓦国际大会之后于 2009 年发布的《教育领域包容政策方针》的各种准则和框架。 unesdoc.unesco.org	UNESCO has undoubtedly led the way to the achievement of great progress by setting standards and establishing frameworks, from the 1994 Salamanca Statement and Framework for Action on Special Needs Education78 to the Policy guidelines on inclusion in education published in 2009 following the International Conference on Education held in Geneva in November 2008. unesdoc.unesco.org
在西班牙，萨拉曼卡和瓦拉杜利德市政当局向包括移民在内的低收入人口提供了租房财政援助。22 同样，在加泰罗尼亚，省移民官、加泰罗尼亚银行基金 [...] 会和一个非政府组织网络，协助向有证和无证移民以及寻求庇护者提供住房。 daccess-ods.un.org	In Spain, the municipalities of Salamanca and Valladolid provide financial [...] assistance to low-income populations, including [...] migrants, to rent their homes.22 Similarly, in Catalonia, the provincial immigration office, the Fundación Caixa Catalunya and a network of non-governmental organizations assist in the provision of housing for documented and undocumented migrants, as well as for asylum-seekers.23 78. daccess-ods.un.org
此外，政府根据萨拉曼卡宣言有关教育和特别教育需求的原则、政策和实践，以及联合国残疾人机会均等条例，逐步设立全纳学校。这样有助于促进残疾人的受教育权并促使其融入社会学校机构。 daccess-ods.un.org	This practical measure is based on the constitutional provisions on free elementary education. daccess-ods.un.org
2011 年 5 月，大会和大会管理部发起的外宣网络在西班牙萨拉曼卡大学召开了第一次会议，已签署谅解备忘录的大专院校代表会晤了联合国总部语文服务部门代表、总部以外工作地点代表和主管大会和大会管理部副秘书长。 daccess-ods.un.org	The current outreach network launched by DGACM organized its first conference in May 2011 at University of Salamanca, Spain, where representatives of the academic institutions that have signed MoUs met with representatives of United Nations Headquarters language services, duty stations away from Headquarters and the Under-Secretary-General for DGACM. daccess-ods.un.org
(a) 战略策略不够明确：在萨拉曼卡会议后约 10 年的时间里，有迹象开展了培训活动，编制了大量的培训材料，表明对那些曾寻求过帮助的人提供了大量的建议和指导。 unesdoc.unesco.org	(a) Strategic approach not evident: Nearly a decade after the Salamanca conference, there was evidence of training activities and the development of a large amount of materials, suggesting that a good deal of advice and guidance was available for those who sought it. unesdoc.unesco.org
教科文组织自1994年在萨拉曼卡（西班牙）举行“ 世界特殊需要教育大会：入学和质量” 以来印发的关于全纳教育的文件，也成为了很好的参考文件，尤其对发展中国家更是如此。 unesdoc.unesco.org	This document also draws on UNESCO’s Open File on Inclusive Education (2001), which distilled the experience of educational stakeholders from a wide range of countries through a series of consultations held over a five-year period. unesdoc.unesco.org
虽然萨拉曼卡大会的直接重点是特殊需要教育，但其结论是：“ 特殊需要教育是南方和北方国家共同关注的一个问题，不可能孤立地发展，而必须成为整体教育战略中的一部分，甚至成为新的社会和经济政策的一部分。 unesdoc.unesco.org	It has to form part of an overall educational strategy and, indeed, of new social and economic policies. unesdoc.unesco.org
同时我们是萨拉曼卡唯一一所西班牙学生和外国学生在同一地方上课分享一座教学楼的学校，这样可以加强不同语言的学生进行西语以及文化间交流，同时也避免了只有外国学生的语言学校的弊端，因为在那些语言学校里，同一母语的同学习惯性的聚集在一起并使用他们自己的语言交流，而非西语。 espanolensalamanca.com	We are the only school that have Spanish and foreign students under the same roof and management. This facilitates conversation exchange and also means that we avoid a common problem in language schools: students speaking to each other in their own language instead of in Spanish. espanolensalamanca.com
在同一次会议上，第一小组的以下成员发了言：玛尔塔、桑托斯、派斯、蒂姆、埃克萨、曼弗雷德、诺瓦克、列娜、卡尔松和拉迪卡、库马拉斯瓦米。 daccess-ods.un.org	At the same meeting, the following panellists [...] of the first panel made [...] statements: Marta Santos Pais, Tim Ekesa, Manfred Nowak, Lena Karlsson and Radhika Coomaraswamy. daccess-ods.un.org
阿富汗、阿尔巴尼亚、安哥拉、亚美尼亚、阿塞拜疆、白俄罗斯、不丹、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、博茨瓦纳、文莱达鲁萨兰国、布基纳法索、布隆迪、中非共和国、乍得、捷克共和国、多米尼加共和国、加蓬、冈比亚、格鲁吉亚、危地马拉、几内亚比绍、海地、洪都拉斯、印度尼西亚、伊拉克、哈萨克斯坦、科威特、拉脱维亚、利比里亚、列支敦士登、马拉维、马来西亚、马里、毛里塔尼亚、摩纳哥、缅甸、尼泊尔、尼日尔、阿曼、巴拿马、秘鲁、卡塔尔、卢旺达、沙特阿拉伯、塞内加尔、塞拉利昂、新加坡、斯洛伐克、斯里兰卡、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国、乌克兰、乌拉圭和津巴布韦。 daccess-ods.un.org	Afghanistan, Albania, Angola, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bhutan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brunei Darussalam, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African [...] Republic, Chad, [...] Czech Republic, Dominican Republic, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Honduras, Indonesia, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Latvia, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritania, Monaco, Myanmar, Nepal, Niger, Oman, Panama, Peru, Qatar, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Sri Lanka, Syrian Arab Republic, Ukraine, [...] Uruguay, and Zimbabwe. daccess-ods.un.org
会议还指出，除了缔约国努力增进对实现《卡塔赫纳行动计划》的目标的了解和取得进展的认识以外，诸如国际残疾协会和幸存者互助队等非政府组织也主动开展类似活动，例如在阿曼、内罗毕和萨拉热窝举办区域研讨会。 daccess-ods.un.org	It was also noted that in addition to States Parties’ efforts to raise aware to promote [...] understanding of and progress in [...] achieving the aims of the Cartagena Action Plan, non-governmental organizations, such as Handicap International and Survivor Corps, have taken the initiative to do the same, for example through regional workshops in Amman, Nairobi and Sarajevo. daccess-ods.un.org
阿尔及利亚、巴林、孟加拉国、多民族玻利维亚国、文莱达鲁萨兰国、科摩罗、古巴、朝鲜民主主义人民共和国、吉布提、埃及、几内亚、印度尼西亚、伊拉克、约旦、科威特、黎巴嫩、莱索托、马来西亚、马里、毛里塔尼亚、摩洛哥、纳米比亚、尼加拉瓜、阿曼、卡塔尔、圣文森特和格林纳丁斯、沙特阿拉伯、塞内加尔、索马里、南非、苏丹、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国、突尼斯、阿拉伯联合酋长国、坦桑尼亚联合共和国、委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国、也门和巴勒斯坦：决议草案 daccess-ods.un.org	Algeria, Bahrain, [...] Bangladesh, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brunei Darussalam, Comoros, Cuba, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Djibouti, Egypt, Guinea, Indonesia, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Lesotho, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Namibia, Nicaragua, Oman, Qatar, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, [...] Somalia, South [...] Africa, Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, United Republic of Tanzania, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), Yemen and Palestine: draft resolution daccess-ods.un.org
阿尔及利亚、巴林、孟加拉国、文莱达鲁萨兰国、科摩罗、古巴、朝鲜民主主义人民共和国、吉布提、埃及、几内亚、印度尼西亚、伊拉克、约旦、科威特、黎巴嫩、莱索托、马来西亚、毛里塔尼亚、摩洛哥、尼加拉瓜、阿曼、卡塔尔、沙特阿拉伯、塞内加尔、索马里、南非、苏丹、突尼斯、阿拉伯联合酋长国、委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国、也门和巴勒斯坦：决议草案 daccess-ods.un.org	Algeria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, Comoros, Cuba, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Djibouti, Egypt, Guinea, Indonesia, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Lesotho, Malaysia, Mauritania, Morocco, Nicaragua, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Somalia, South Africa, [...] Sudan, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Venezuela [...] (Bolivarian Republic of), Yemen and Palestine: draft resolution daccess-ods.un.org
在同次会议上发言的有：法国总统尼古拉 · 萨科齐 (代表欧洲联盟)、坦桑尼亚联合共和国总统加卡亚·姆里绍·基奎特(代表非洲联盟)、塔吉克斯坦总统埃莫马利·拉赫莫诺夫、保加利亚总统格奥尔基·帕尔瓦诺夫、欧洲联盟委员会主席若泽·曼努埃尔·杜朗·巴罗佐、经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)秘书长安赫尔·古里亚、圣多美和普林西比总统弗拉迪克·班达拉·梅洛·德梅内泽斯、塞舌尔总统詹姆斯·阿里克斯·米歇尔、伊朗伊斯兰共和国总统马哈茂德·艾哈迈迪-内贾德、科特迪瓦总统洛朗·巴博、哥斯达黎加总统奥斯卡·阿里亚斯·桑切斯和科摩罗总统艾哈迈德·阿卜杜拉·穆罕默德·桑比。 daccess-ods.un.org	At the same meeting, [...] statements were made by Nicolas Sarkozy, President of France (on behalf of the European Union); Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete, President of the United Republic of Tanzania (on behalf of the African Union); Emomali Rahmon, President of Tajikistan; Georgi Parvanov, President of Bulgaria; José Manuel Barroso, President [...] of the European [...] Commission; Ángel Gurría, Secretary-General of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD); Fradique Bandeira Melo de Menezes, President of Sao Tome and Principe; James Alix Michel, President of Seychelles; Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, President of the Islamic Republic of Iran; Laurent Gbagbo, President of Côte d’Ivoire; Óscar Arias Sánchez, President of Costa Rica; and Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi, President of the Comoros. daccess-ods.un.org

萨拉曼卡 ()—

Salamanca, Spain

See also:

拉萨 n—

卡拉 n—

卡拉—

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External sources (not reviewed)

萨拉曼卡 ()—

Salamanca, Spain

See also:

拉萨 n—

卡拉 n—

卡拉—

▾External sources (not reviewed)

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External sources (not reviewed)