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External sources (not reviewed)

由于许多会议与会者可能并不熟悉其出席一次无纸型会议所需要的具体硬件和软件，因此此种示范可帮助他们确保会议顺利进行。 daccess-ods.un.org	As many meeting participants may be unfamiliar with the [...] hardware and software required for a paperless [...] meeting, such a demonstration can help ensure [...] that the meeting goes smoothly. daccess-ods.un.org
由于多种原因，起草适当形式或不连续形式的具体条款如公约或示范法供纳入国家法律体系并不总是可行：各国家法律体系经常使用差异很大的立法方法和办法解决特定问题，各国可能还没有准备好就 [...] 单一办法或共同规则达成一致，可能就找到统一办法解决特定问题的 [...] 必要性不存在共识，或者就特定主题的关键问题以及如何处理这些问题存在着不同程度的共识。 uncitral.org	For a number of reasons, it is not always possible to draft [...] specific provisions in a suitable [...] or discrete form, such as a convention or a model law, for incorporation [...] into national legal [...] systems: national legal systems often use widely disparate legislative techniques and approaches for solving a given issue, States may not yet be ready to agree on a single approach or common rule, there may not be consensus on the need to find a uniform solution to a particular issue, or there may be different levels of consensus on the key issues of a particular subject and how they should be addressed. uncitral.org
示范战略和实际措施》增订本认识到有些特殊的妇女群体特别容易遭受暴力行为，无论是由于其国籍、族裔、宗教和语言，还是由于其属于土著群体、移 [...] 民、无国籍人、难民、居住在不发达、农村或边远社区、无家可归、被机构安置或拘留、身有残疾、是老年妇女、寡妇或生活在冲突、冲突后和灾害局势中，因 [...] 此，在制定针对暴力侵害妇女行为的预防犯罪和刑事司法对策时，需要对她们予以特殊关注、干预和保护。 daccess-ods.un.org	The updated Model Strategies and Practical [...] Measures recognize that some special groups of women are particularly vulnerable [...] to violence, either because of their nationality, ethnicity, religion or language, or because they belong to an indigenous group, are migrants, are stateless, are refugees, live in underdeveloped, rural or remote communities, are homeless, are in institutions or in detention, have disabilities, are elderly, are widowed or live in conflict, post-conflict or disaster situations, and as such they require special attention, intervention and protection in the development of crime prevention and criminal justice responses to violence against women. daccess-ods.un.org
经商定，委员会应着手开展“技术援助费”方面的工作，以期在下一届 [...] 年度会议上取得具体成果，但委员会也应制订长期工作计划，以期对《联合国示范公约》的服务问题进行全面审查(见 E/2011/45，第 [...] 97 段)。 daccess-ods.un.org	It was agreed that the Committee would start with work on “fees for technical assistance”, with a view to achieving concrete results for the next annual session, but it would also have a longer-term plan of work [...] with a view to a comprehensive review of services issues for [...] the United Nations Model Convention (see [...] E/2011/45, para. 97). daccess-ods.un.org
除其他外，报告应特别写明部队和警察派遣国的合法权利以及他们参与调查其部署为联合国维 [...] 持和平人员的国民所犯各项罪行和严重不当行为所有进程的程序；并根据大会第 61/267 B 号决议赞同在可能的情况下在整个联合国使用的关于这种罪行的订正示范谅解备忘录，就调整联合国调查机制的可行性提供咨询意见。 daccess-ods.un.org	The report should encompass, inter alia, the legal rights of the troop- and police-contributing countries and the procedures for their participation in all the processes of the investigation of crimes, and acts of serious misconduct committed against their nationals deployed as United Nations peacekeepers, and include advice on the feasibility of adapting the United Nations investigative [...] mechanism, as provided [...] for in a revised model memorandum of understanding whose possible United Nations-wide application had [...] been endorsed by the Assembly [...] in resolution 61/267 B, with respect to such crimes. daccess-ods.un.org
小组委员会认为，在 2011-2012 两年期应继续开展下列领域的工作：不敏感 [...] 爆炸物和氧化性固体的分类；与灰尘爆炸危害有关的问题；腐蚀性标准(审议点蚀问题以及 C.1 [...] 检验对固体的适用性)；进一步调整《全球统一制度》的标准以使其与《示范条例》的标准相一致；对涉及皮肤腐蚀/刺激的章节进行文字修订； [...] 水引发毒性的评估；执行问题；进一步改进《全球统一制度》附件 [...] 1、2 和 3；编制小包装标签的进一步指导。 daccess-ods.un.org	The Subcommittee considered that the work in the following areas should be continued in the biennium 2011-2012: classification of desensitized explosives and oxidizing solids; issues related to dust explosion hazards; corrosivity criteria (consideration of pitting corrosion and suitability of tests C.1 for solids); further alignment of the [...] criteria in the Globally Harmonized System [...] with that of the Model Regulations; editorial [...] revision of the chapters addressing [...] skin corrosion/irritation; assessment of water-activated toxicity; implementation issues; further improvement of annexes 1, 2 and 3 of the Globally Harmonized System; and development of additional guidance for the labelling of small packagings. daccess-ods.un.org
斐济政府认为，上述与下列现行立法，加上目前拟订中立法(例如打击恐怖主义示范法案/生物安全示范法案 )的颁布，也有助于执行部分第 3 段各项规定的 [...] 实施。 daccess-ods.un.org	The Government of Fiji considers that existing legislation of above and below, together with the [...] enactment of legislation [...] currently under development (e.g., Model counter-terrorism Bill/Biosecurity [...] Bill), also contributes [...] to implementation of requirements in OP 3. daccess-ods.un.org
为了实现这个目标，重大计划行动将包括与联合国教科文组织各科学合作伙伴进行合作，支持、创建示范中心和网络中心，同时鼓励他们为下列目标而提供服务：研究、培训、促进转让科学知识、改善大学科学教育及其与其它层面教育的联系、评估国家科学能力、提出采取措施加强这些中心的建议、或者保证其达到国家发展所需要的足够数量。 unesdoc.unesco.org	To this end, the major priority actions will encompass cooperation with UNESCO science partners in the support for, and creation of, centres of excellence and networks, as well as in the promotion of their services for research, training, leverage and transfer of scientific knowledge, the improvement of university science education and its links with other levels of education, the assessment of national capacity in science and advice on measures to be taken to reinforce them, or to ensure that they have the critical mass required for national development. unesdoc.unesco.org
例如，这里的评注似可作如下说明：(f)项——筹资安排所在地或筹资批准所在地或债务人主要银行所在地——只在银行控制债务人的情况下才相关；(k)项——雇 [...] 员所在地——或许在雇员可能成为未来债权人的情况下才相关，但如果以下述 [...] 几点为依据就不那么重要了：对雇员的保护更多的是保护相关方权利问题，与主要利益中心分析无关，而且《示范法》第 22 条无论如何都已处理这一问题； [...] (e)项——适用于大部分争议的法律所属的法域，其重要性不足以成为一项决定性因素，而且这种法域在任何情况下都有可能是一个与债务人的管理地或业务 [...] 实施地无关的法域，比(e)项更重要的因素反倒是债务人的管理地或业务实施地。 daccess-ods.un.org	That commentary might suggest, for example, that (f) the location from which financing was organized or authorized or the location of the debtor’s primary bank, would only be important where the bank controlled the debtor; that (k) the location of employees, might be important where employees could be future creditors, or less important on the basis that protection of employees is more an issue of protecting the rights of interested parties, is not relevant to the COMI [...] analysis and is, in any event addressed by [...] article 22 of the Model Law; that (e) the [...] jurisdiction whose law would apply to most [...] disputes, was not sufficiently important to be a determining factor and could, in any event, be a jurisdiction unrelated to the place from which the debtor was managed or conducted its business, factors that were both considered to be more important than (e). daccess-ods.un.org
日本代表回顾说，缔约方大会第十六届会议在一项决定中请执行委员会考虑“(a) 资助举办更多的示范项目，以根据执行委员会的有关决定帮助显示更换冷风机的好处；(b) [...] 提供资金，以采取行动来使根据第 5 条第 1 款行事的国家内的用户更多地认识到即将进行的 [...] 淘汰活动，并认识到可针对其冷风机选择的各种办法，并向各国政府和决策者提供协助； (c) 请那些正在编制或执行制冷剂管理计划的国家考虑制定措施，以切实使用从冷风机回收的消耗臭氧层物质来满足该行业的维修需要。 multilateralfund.org	The representative of Japan recalled that a decision by the Sixteenth Meeting of the Parties had requested the Executive [...] Committee to consider “(a) Funding [...] additional demonstration projects to help demonstrate the [...] value of replacement of CFC-based [...] chillers, pursuant to relevant decisions of the Executive Committee; (b) Funding actions to increase awareness of users in countries operating under paragraph 1 of Article 5, of the impending phase-out and options that may be available for dealing with their chillers and to assist Governments and decision makers; (c) Requesting those countries preparing or implementing refrigerant management plans to consider developing measures for the effective use of the ozone-depleting substances recovered from the chillers to meet servicing needs in the sector. multilateralfund.org
在满足非洲需要方面，所有代表都称赞教科文组织继续致力于支持非盟促进非洲大陆可持续发展的科学、技术和创新行动，也注意到教科文组织已被视作实施非洲发展新伙伴关系（NEPAD）科技综合行动计划的战略合作伙伴，特别是在建立地区示范中心网络方面。 unesdoc.unesco.org	Addressing the needs of Africa, all delegations commended UNESCO’s continued commitment to support the initiative of the African Union on science, technology and innovation for the sustainable development of the continent, and took note that UNESCO was recognized as a strategic partner for the implementation of the NEPAD Science and Technology Consolidated Plan of Action, in particular for establishing regional network centres of excellence. unesdoc.unesco.org
至于项目提案，好几位成员赞扬项目设计新颖，但是要求澄清几个问题，包括如何实现可持续性，各种成果的信息如何传播给中国的相关设施，试点项目下拟议的一些支助 [...] 活动是否符合供资条件，销毁成本高于核准的其他国家的类似项目，还有试点示范项目的销毁和废物管理办法如何扩大到家用制冷以外的行业。 multilateralfund.org	Regarding the project proposal, several members praised the innovative design of the project, but sought clarification on a number of issues, including how sustainability would be achieved, how the information on the various outcomes would be disseminated to relevant facilities in China, the eligibility of some of the proposed supporting activities under a pilot project, the high costs of destruction compared to similar projects approved for other countries, and how the [...] destruction and waste management approaches [...] used in the pilot demonstration projects would be [...] extended to sectors other than domestic refrigeration. multilateralfund.org
为加强机构间努力，妇女署将与全系统的伙伴合作，加强制止暴力侵害妇女 [...] 行为的联合全面行动框架、促进实地消除暴力侵害妇女行为的联合方案拟订工作、加强与儿基会、联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)和妇女网络的努力，支持复制至少 [...] 35 个“为妇女和儿童建设安全城市的” 示范以及继续扩大机构间参与，增加联合国支援消除对妇女暴力行为信托基金所支持的方案的影响和资源。 daccess-ods.un.org	To strengthen inter-agency efforts, UN-Women will work with partners across the system to strengthen a joint and comprehensive framework for action to end violence against women, stimulate increased joint programming on eliminating violence against women on the ground, strengthen efforts with UNICEF, the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) [...] and women’s networks to support [...] replication of at least 35 models of “Safe Cities [...] for Women and Children”, and will also [...] continue to expand inter-agency involvement in enhancing the impact and resources for programmes supported by the United Nations Trust Fund in Support of Actions to Eliminate Violence against Women. daccess-ods.un.org
加拿大并不想就具体专题提出建议， [...] 而只是就在拟议的“外向”做法下所可述及的一些分主题提出以下示范性实例，同时铭记这些分主题的数目必须加以限定：犯罪、人权和法治（其中可包 [...] 括刑事司法在保护人权上的作用以及人权在司法系统中的作用，以及法治在这 [...] 两个方面所起的作用）；犯罪和国际和平、安全与重建（冲突后和灾后情况）；犯罪与技术变革，包括网络犯罪以及有组织犯罪集团对技术的利用与将技术除用于其他犯罪外还用于贩运；以及犯罪和贸易、商业及全球经济（其中可涵盖经济犯罪的一些具体方面并且可能还涵盖腐败）。 daccess-ods.un.org	As Canada did not wish to suggest specific topics, it [...] referred to the following indicative examples of sub-themes [...] that could be addressed under the [...] proposed “outward-looking” approach, bearing in mind that the number of sub-themes would have to be limited: crime, human rights and the rule of law (that would include both the role of criminal justice in protecting human rights and the role of human rights in the justice system, and the role of the rule of law in both); crime and international peace, security and reconstruction (post-conflict and post-disaster situations); crime and technological change, including cybercrime, as well as the use of technologies by organized criminal groups and for trafficking, among other crimes; and crime and trade, commerce and the global economy (that could cover specific areas of economic crime and possibly corruption). daccess-ods.un.org
因此，环保部以及环保组织一直要求开展污染物排放与转移登记制度(PRTR)的试点 / 示范工作。 ecegp.com	Thus, environmental NGOs as well as MEP have been [...] calling for the pilot / demonstrations of pollution release [...] and transfer registry (PRTR). ecegp.com
加共体的介入主要是帮助最弱势和最边缘的儿童，特别是通过在七个这类儿童无法获取任何服务的国家进行家访的示范方案开展工作，还教导父母如何确保儿童的健康、卫生和安全达到最佳状况。 daccess-ods.un.org	It was acting to help the most vulnerable and marginalized children, in particular by means of a pilot home-visit initiative in seven countries for those without access to any service, and by teaching parents how best to promote their children’s health, hygiene and safety. daccess-ods.un.org
示范战略和实际措施》增订本以 1995 年通过并且后来在 2000 年和 2005 年重申的《行动纲要》中各国政府核准的措施、1997 年通过的《在预防犯罪和刑事司法领域中消除对妇女的暴力行为的示范战略和实际措施》c 以及大会有关决议，包括大会第 61/143 号决议和第 63/155 号决议为基础，同时铭记有些妇女群体特别容易遭受暴力行为。 daccess-ods.un.org	The updated Model Strategies and Practical Measures build on the measures adopted by Governments in the Platform for Action, which was adopted in 1995 and subsequently reaffirmed in 2000 and 2005, the Model Strategies and Practical Measures on the Elimination of Violence [...] against Women in [...] the Field of Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice adopted in 1997,c and relevant General Assembly resolutions, including Assembly resolutions 61/143 and 63/155, bearing in mind that some groups of women are especially exposed and vulnerable to violence. daccess-ods.un.org
自 2009 年 3 月 1 日以来已完成各种其他文书：(a) 黎巴嫩政府与黎巴嫩问题特别法庭之间关于特别法庭驻黎巴嫩办事处的谅解备忘录，2009 年 6 月签署；(b) [...] 工作人员行为守则，已予实施；(c) 关于证人异地安置的示范协议草案，已提交各国审议。 daccess-ods.un.org	Since 1 March 2009, various additional instruments have been finalized: (a) a memorandum of understanding between the Government of Lebanon and the Special Tribunal for Lebanon concerning the Office of the Special Tribunal in Lebanon, signed in June 2009; (b) a code of conduct [...] for staff, which has been put into effect; [...] and (c) a draft model agreement on witness [...] relocation, which has been submitted [...] to States for their consideration. daccess-ods.un.org
讨论会审议的议题有：足以应对气候变化可能造成的影响的管理工具；外地试点项目备选方案，以制订和示范应对生态系统不确定性的治理构想框架；环境署今后要 [...] 开展的其它能力建设活动。 daccess-ods.un.org	The workshop considered the following: management instruments robust enough to counter the possible effects of climate [...] change, options for field pilot projects [...] to develop and demonstrate a conceptual framework [...] for governance dealing with ecosystem [...] uncertainty, and other future UNEP capacity-building activities. daccess-ods.un.org
除了《示范法案》，官员们正在拟订立法草案，以更新和加强现行关于所有化学品的进口、制造、销售和使用的法律。 daccess-ods.un.org	In addition to the Model Bill, officials [...] are developing draft legislation that will update and consolidate existing legislation [...] governing the importation, manufacture, sale or use of all chemicals. daccess-ods.un.org
另外还有九名发言者的论文着重讨论了 1970 年代和 1980 年代所开发采矿技术的分析，1970 年代和 1980 年代所制定的示范采矿单位；过去为深海采矿而确定的项目经济意义和成本模式；先驱制度所依据的经济、技术考虑因素以及国际海底管理局的规章；可能把空间程序应用于深海海底采矿；多金属结核采矿提升系统的状况；红土镍矿提炼的进展以及可能适用多金属结核提炼的情况；针对多金属硫化物的技术开发以及可能适用结核采矿的情况；以及用于石油及天然气的立管技术进展以及可能适用于结核采矿的情况。 daccess-ods.un.org	There were also nine other presenters, whose papers focused on an analysis of mining technologies developed in the 1970s and 1980s and model mining units envisaged in the 1970s and 1980s; project economics and cost models that had been developed in the past for deep seabed mining; the economic and technical considerations underpinning the pioneer regime and the Authority’s regulations; possible use of space applications for deep seabed mining; the status of lift systems for polymetallic nodule mining; advances in nickel laterite processing and possible applications to polymetallic nodule processing; technology development for polymetallic sulphides and possible applications to nodule mining; and advances in riser technology for oil and gas and possible applications to nodule mining. daccess-ods.un.org
相反地，军事观察员属于部队地位示范协定第 47(a)段的范围，其中规定，代表/指挥官应（在东 [...] 道国的调查之外）进行任何必要的补充调查，然后与该国政府商定是否提起刑事诉讼。 pseataskforce.org	Instead, military observers are covered by paragraph [...] 47 (a) of the model status-of-forces [...] agreement, which provides that the Representative/Commander [...] shall conduct any necessary supplementary inquiry (to that of the host State) and then agree with the Government whether or not criminal proceedings will be instituted. pseataskforce.org
该中心在运营头几年的活动中，促进了与肯尼亚和卢旺达的乳品技术交流，支持了关于太阳能和风能的第六届中国新能源国际论坛，来自 16 [...] 个南方国家的与会者参加了会议，并建立了中国-肯尼亚太阳能光伏发电系统示范项目，以及一个惠及肯尼亚 300 个家庭的太阳能热 [...] 水系统。 daccess-ods.un.org	Among the activities in its first years of operations, it has promoted exchanges in dairy technology with Kenya and Rwanda, supported the sixth China New Energy International Forum on solar and wind energy with participants from [...] 16 southern countries, and [...] established a Sino-Kenyan demonstration project on a solar [...] photovoltaic system and a solar water [...] heating system benefiting 300 households in Kenya. daccess-ods.un.org
会上提出的意见包括：由于《规则》不仅对仲裁作出规定，而且也对谈判和协助下调解作出规定，应当注意不使《规则》的这些方面无法适用，特别是如果绝大多数案件是在仲裁前的阶段处理的话；就该提案意在提出一条实体法规则而言，在一套合 [...] 同规则中放入这样一条规则有可能造成问题；不妨考虑作为协助下调解规则而 [...] 不是作为仲裁规则来重塑《规则》，以此避免该提案意在解决的问题；借用《贸易法委员会电子商务示范法》第 1 条的说明中的措词似可达到预期结果， [...] 大意是，其规定并非意在减损旨在保护消费者的法律规范。 daccess-ods.un.org	These included the following observations: that since the Rules provide not only for arbitration but for negotiation and facilitated settlement as well, care should be taken not to render those aspects of the Rules inapplicable, particularly where the vast majority of cases are disposed of at the stages prior to arbitration; that to the extent the proposal purports to state a rule of substantive law its presence in a set of contractual rules may be problematic; that consideration could be given to re-casting the Rules as facilitated settlement rules rather than arbitration rules and thus avoiding the problem that the proposal is intended to address; and that the intended result might be achieved by [...] using wording found in a note to Article 1 [...] of the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic [...] Commerce to the effect that its provisions [...] are not intended to derogate from legal norms aimed at consumer protection. daccess-ods.un.org
1.8 “专家酬金”项下的拟议增长主要是由于(i) 作为专利立法和政策咨询活动的一部分，计划 [...] 由地区专家开展的专利相关灵活性研究以及为修订发展中国家专利和实用新型示范法组织的专家工作组，(ii) 作为创新与技术转让一部分计划的若干活动，其中包括“开放式合作项目和知识产权模 [...] 式”和“知识产权与技术转让：共同挑战–共同解决”发展议程项目，以及(iii) [...] 作为中小企业活动一部分由专家和讲师为若干培训活动和国家及地区论坛提供的支持。 wipo.int	The proposed increase under “Experts’ Honoraria” is primarily due to (i) studies planned by regional experts on patent related flexibilities as well as the [...] experts working group for the revision of the [...] patent and utility model law for developing [...] countries as part of Patents Legislative [...] and Policy Advice activities, (ii) a number of activities planned as part of Innovation and Technology Transfer, including the DA projects on Open Collaborative Projects and IP-Based Models and IP and Technology Transfer: Common Challenges-Building Solutions, and (iii) experts and lecturers’ assistance for a number of training activities and national and regional forums as part of SME’s activities. wipo.int
统计所 2010 - 2014 学年的培训框架包括六种不同类型的培训方案： (a) 东京都市区培训课程，包括亚太统计所 - 日本国际协力厅的培训课程以及由亚太统计所单独或与其他机构协作举办的短期课程；(b) 包括区域/次区域课程和国别课程在内的推广方案；(c) 将远程教学和东京都市区培训结合在一起 [...] 的研究培训课程；(d) 借助日本国际协力厅 - Net的服务和使用日本宇宙航空 [...] 开发研究署(JAXA)2 高速通讯卫星、网际工程测验及示范卫星(谈判正在进行之中)而进行的电子教学；(e) [...] 为国家统计局管理人员举办的一场讲习班；以及 (f) 在统计培训方面建立伙伴联系。 daccess-ods.un.org	The training framework of the Institute for the academic years 2010-2014 consists of six different types of training programmes: (a) TMA-based courses that include SIAP-JICA training courses and short-term courses to be conducted either by SIAP alone or in collaboration with other organizations; (b) an outreach programme that includes regional/subregional courses and country courses; (c) research-based training programme as a combination of distance learning and TMA-based training; (d) distance training through JICA-Net service and e-learning using the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)2 high-speed communication [...] satellite, Wideband InterNetworking [...] engineering test and Demonstration Satellite (WINDS) [...] (negotiation under way); (e) a programme [...] for managers of national statistical offices; and (f) forging partnerships in statistical training. daccess-ods.un.org
由于区域机制能够收集和分析来自本地区许多国家的信 [...] 息，同时还能强调说明各种良好做法和现有挑战，因此它们完全有条件开展区域培训活动，并在国家一级进行培训示范，由各国根据本国情况组织培训。 daccess-ods.un.org	Regional mechanisms, because of their capacity to collect information from numerous countries within their region and analyse it by highlighting good practices and challenges that are relevant for the entire region, are well placed [...] to deliver training at the regional level [...] and to provide model training to be [...] adapted and implemented by countries at the national level. daccess-ods.un.org
示范战略和实际措施》增订本确认各国有义务促进和保护包括妇女在内所有人的人权和基本自由，必须恪尽职守，采取相关措施，以期预防、调查和惩罚 [...] 暴力侵害妇女行为人，消除有罪不罚现象，并为受害人提供保护，不这么做便是对妇女享受人权和基本自由的侵犯、损害或剥夺。 daccess-ods.un.org	The updated Model Strategies and Practical [...] Measures recognize that States have the obligation to promote and protect the [...] human rights and fundamental freedoms of all people, including women, and that they must exercise due diligence and take relevant measures to prevent, investigate and punish the perpetrators of violence against women, to eliminate impunity and to provide protection to the victims, and that failure to do so violates and impairs or nullifies the enjoyment of women’s human rights and fundamental freedoms. daccess-ods.un.org
乌拉圭强调，《粮农组织打击非法、未报告和无管制捕捞活动港口国措施示范办法》(《粮农组织示范办法》)的制定工作以及金枪鱼区域渔业管理组织第二次联席会议应做到决策进程透明、包容各方。 daccess-ods.un.org	Uruguay had stressed the need for transparent and participatory decisionmaking [...] processes in the development [...] of the FAO Model Scheme on Port State Measures to Combat Illegal Unreported and Unregulated Fishing (FAO Model Scheme) and [...] in the second joint meeting [...] of tuna regional fisheries management organizations. daccess-ods.un.org

示范 noun ()—

model n (often used)

示范 ()—

Examples:

示范法 pl—

示范法 n—

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External sources (not reviewed)

示范 noun ()—

model n (often used)

示范 ()—

Examples:

示范法 pl—

示范法 n—

▾External sources (not reviewed)

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External sources (not reviewed)