| 单词 | 生物大灭绝 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 | 生物大灭绝 —great extinction of speciesSee also:大灭绝—global extinction 灭绝 n—genocide n • extinction n • extermination n 灭绝—become extinct • extinguish • die out 大绝灭—mass extinction
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在这方面，厄瓜多尔采取了防范性措施，严格限制如可 能会导致物种灭绝，生态系 统遭到破坏或者自然周期永久改变的各种活动。 daccess-ods.un.org | In that regard, Ecuador had taken preventive measures and had [...] restricted activities which could [...] lead to the extinction of species, the destruction of ecosystems [...]or the permanent alteration of natural cycles. daccess-ods.un.org |
因此，乌克兰《刑法典》载有在某种程度上涉及可能扩散大规模毁灭性武器 活动的刑事责任的八项条款：第 258 条(恐怖主义法)；第 261 条(对包含有可能 严重威胁环境的物体的设施发动的进攻)；第 321 条(非法生产、制造、获得、运 输、转让和储存有毒及烈性物质用于出售目的或出售这些物质)；第 326 条(违反 关于处理微生物或其他生物物剂或 毒素)；第 333 条(从乌克兰非法出口原材料、 投入、设备和技术用于制造武器，以及非法出口军事和专门技术)；第 439 条(使 用大规模 毁灭性武器)；第 440 条(发展、生产、获得、储存、销售和运 输 大 规模 毁灭性武器)；以及第 441 条(生态灭绝)。 daccess-ods.un.org | The Criminal Code of Ukraine thus contains eight articles which in one way or another are concerned with criminal liability for activities involving the potential proliferation of weapons of mass destruction: article 258 (Terrorist act); article 261 (Attacks on facilities which contain objects posing a heightened risk to the environment); article 321 (Illegal production, manufacture, acquisition, transport, transfer and stockpiling for sales purposes or sale of toxic and potent substances); article 326 (Infringement of the rules on [...] handling microbiological or other biological agents or [...] toxins); article 333 (Illegal export from Ukraine of raw materials, inputs, equipment and technology for weapons manufacture, and also military and specialized technology); article 439 (Use of weapons of mass destruction); article 440 (Development, production, acquisition, stockpiling, sale and transport of weapons of mass destruction); and article 441 (Ecocide). daccess-ods.un.org |
(j) 评估人员查明了该项目在保护生物多 样性方面的许多积极影响；关于濒 临 灭绝 的 动植 物群落的知识正在得到长久保持；保留地作为了濒危 野 生物 动 物 的保护区；在国家保 护区进行正常巡逻可以密切监测野生 动 物 和自然资源状况，从而 最 大 限 度 减少非法利 用；通过项目提供的刺激措施促进了村民对规范情况标准的掌握；提高了政府对保护 问题的意识和敏感程度。 unesdoc.unesco.org | (j) Numerous positive implications [...] of the project on biodiversity preservation were identified by the evaluators: knowledge [...] of flora and fauna in danger of disappearing is now being perpetuated; the reserve acts as a sanctuary for endangered wildlife; the regular movement through the National Protected Area allows close monitoring of wildlife and natural resources, thereby minimizing illicit exploitation; ownership by villagers of the regulatory standards has been promoted [...]by the incentives [...]provided by the project; and heightened awareness of and sensitivity to conservation issues by government. unesdoc.unesco.org |
例如，众所周知，克钦邦野生动物， 如濒 临 灭绝 的 爬 行动物、 鸟类以及豹、老虎等，被不断出口到对外来动物需求 极 大 的中 国。 crisisgroup.org | For instance, wild animals in Kachin state such as reptiles, birds, as well as leopards and tigers in danger of extinction, are known to be exported to China, where the demand is high for exotic animals. crisisgroup.org |
白垩纪以消灭了包括非飞行恐龙在内的大 量 物 种 的 大灭绝 事 件为终结，但是一项研究发现北 美 生 态 系 统即便在希克苏鲁伯（Chicxulub）小行星撞击之前就已经变得脆弱并且一直在经历着变化。 chinese.eurekalert.org | The Cretaceous ended with a mass extinction event that wiped out numerous species, including non-avian [...] dinosaurs, but a study finds that [...]North American ecosystems were already fragile and undergoing changes even before the Chicxulub asteroid impact. chinese.eurekalert.org |
同时，此类的灭绝事件原因常常 很复杂。值得注意的是，生物灭绝事 件 发生以 后，恢复起来却需要几十万或几百万年。 medsea-project.eu | Whilst the cause of such extinction episodes is [...] often complex, it is notable that the recovery took hundreds of [...] thousands and, after mass extinctions, millions [...]of years. medsea-project.eu |
该组织准备通过其植物 园网络、先进的研究和园艺复合区，以及生命和资源库，达到以下目的：(a)建立、 发展、运行并维护一个具有图书馆、植物标本库、实验室和博物馆的教育和科学 中心，鼓励对基础和应用热带植物学进行研究；(b)促进并鼓励对基础热带植 物生 命进 行研究，并研究热带植物在农业、林业、园艺业、医学和其他科学领域的应 用；(c)通过出版物和其他媒体，分享与基础和应用热带植物学有关的现有知识； (d)采集并栽培热带植物，以保护面临 灭绝 威 胁 的热带 植 物物 种 ； 以及(e)建立一种 有助于开展教育、指导和娱乐活动的设施。 daccess-ods.un.org | Through its network of botanical gardens, state-of-the-art research and horticulture complexes, and living and resource collections, the organization’s purposes are to: (a) establish, develop, operate and maintain an educational and scientific centre with libraries, herbaria, laboratories and museums to encourage and conduct research in basic and applied tropical botany; (b) foster and encourage [...] fundamental research in tropical plant life and study the uses of tropical flora in agriculture, forestry, horticulture, medicine and other [...] sciences; (c) share knowledge acquired relative to basic and applied tropical botany through publications and other media; (d) collect and cultivate tropical flora and to preserve species of tropical plant life threatened with extinction; and (e) provide a facility which contributes to education, instruction, and recreation. daccess-ods.un.org |
阿富汗没有大规模毁灭性武器，也不 生 产 、储存或转让核 、 生物 或 化 学武器 及其运载工具。 daccess-ods.un.org | Afghanistan does not possess WMD or [...] produce, stockpiles or transfer nuclear, biological or chemical weapons and their means of delivery. daccess-ods.un.org |
尽管通 过了许多全球和区域协定打击非法和犯罪行为，22 但研究表明，一些区域，特别 是非洲，保护自然资源和濒于灭绝的 物 种 工 作依然面临 重 大 挑 战。 daccess-ods.un.org | Although numerous global and regional agreements have been adopted to combat illegal and criminal practices,22 research shows that [...] several regions, in particular Africa, [...] still face a major challenge in protecting natural resources and endangered species. daccess-ods.un.org |
特别是在帝汶岛西部，绝大多数生计 依 赖农业（80%），无 常的气候与极端事件经常导致农作物 歉 收，使许多人处于粮食无保障状态。 unesdoc.unesco.org | In particular, in the western part of [...] Timor Island, where livelihoods are overwhelmingly dependent on agriculture (80%), erratic climate and extreme events regularly cause crop failure, placing [...]many at risk of food insecurity. unesdoc.unesco.org |
另一个威胁是生物系统的丧失和物种 灭绝 ， 这 已经 对 生 计 产生了可能无法逆 转的深刻影响。 daccess-ods.un.org | Another threat is the loss of biotic [...] systems and extinction of species, which is already having profound and potentially irrevocable effects on livelihoods. daccess-ods.un.org |
因为，正如埃里克·奇维安写道，“仅根据栖息 地的破坏情况计算，……地球所有物种中多达三分之二的物种可能在本世纪末灭 绝，这一比例正是 6 500 万年前导致恐龙灭绝的大灭绝事件发 生 时 的 物 种 减 少比 例。 daccess-ods.un.org | For, as Eric Chivian writes, “on the basis of habitat destruction alone, … as many as two thirds of all species on Earth could be lost by the end of this century, a proportion of lost species that matches the great extinction event, 65 million years ago, that wiped out the dinosaurs. daccess-ods.un.org |
该方案是大会20 05年12月23日（第60/225号决议）确定，以“为纪念卢旺达受害者和教育目的而动员民间社会，帮助预防今后 发 生灭绝 种 族。 un.org | The programme was established by the [...] [...] General Assembly on 23 December 2005 (A/RES/60/225) to "mobilize civil society for Rwanda genocide victim remembrance and education in order to help prevent future acts of genocide". un.org |
还应当着重指出，古巴是销毁和不扩 散 大 规 模 毁 灭 性 武 器的国际文书和区域 文书(《化学武器公约》、《生物武器 公约》、《不扩散核武器条约》和设立拉丁美 洲和加勒比无核武器区的特拉特洛尔科条约)的缔约国，而且严格遵守这些文书 的所有规定。 daccess-ods.un.org | It should also be stressed that Cuba is a State party to the international and regional instruments for the [...] destruction and [...] non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (the Chemical Weapons Convention, the Biological Weapons Convention, the Treaty [...]on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons [...]and the Treaty of Tlatelolco, which established a nuclear-weapon-free zone in Latin America and the Caribbean) and has complied strictly with all provisions thereof. daccess-ods.un.org |
各国还必须无条件地采取措施，“保护和保全稀有或脆弱的生态系统以及衰竭、 受威胁或濒于灭绝的物种和 其他形式海 洋 生 物 ” (第 194(5)条)。 daccess-ods.un.org | States must also, without qualification, take measures “to protect and preserve rare or fragile ecosystems as well as the habitat of depleted, threatened or endangered species and other forms of marine life” (article 194(5)). daccess-ods.un.org |
该法第 15 节列举了适用于其解 释的一些条约，亦即：(a) 1948 年的《防止及惩治灭绝种族 罪公约》；(b) 1949 年日内瓦四公约及其《第一和第二附加议定书》(1977 年)和《第三附加议定书》 (2005 年)；(c) 1954 年《关于发生武装 冲突时保护文化财产的海牙公约》及其 《议定书》和《第二议定书》(1999 年)；(d) 1989 年《儿童权利公约》及其 2000 年《关于儿童卷入武装冲突问题的任择议定书》；(e) 习惯国际法规则和原则； (f) 各个国际法院和法庭的司法裁判。 daccess-ods.un.org | Section 15 of the Act enumerates several treaties to be applied in its interpretation, namely (a) the 1948 Convention on the [...] Prevention and Punishment of [...] the Crime of Genocide; (b) the four Geneva Conventions of 1949 and Additional Protocols I and II (1977) and Additional Protocol III (2005) thereto; (c) the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, [...]its Protocol and its [...]Second Protocol (1999); (d) the 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child and its 2000 Optional Protocol on the involvement of children in armed conflict; (e) the rules and principles of customary international law; (f) the judicial decisions of international courts and tribunals. daccess-ods.un.org |
遭到破坏的和恢复的生境类型应该是相同的，否 则可能使特定类型的生境减 少，还会导致一些濒 危物种灭绝速度加快。 teebweb.org | Destroyed and restored habitat types should be the same; otherwise, there is a [...] risk that certain habitat types will [...] decline, potentially leading to a rise in extinction risks of some endangered species. teebweb.org |
此外，威胁、挑战和改革问题高级别小组的报告（A/59/565）以及秘书长题 为“大自由 ：实现人人共享的发展、安全和人权”的报告（A/59/2005）向冲突 地区和冲突后地区的千百万妇女和女孩提出了一些至关重要的倡议，包括：设立 建设和平委员会；加强对预防冲突的重视；负责保护民众免 遭 灭绝 种 族 罪、战争 罪、族裔清洗和危害人类罪；更加有效地保护人权以及加强法治。 un.org | Furthermore, the report of the High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change (A/59/565) and the report of the [...] Secretary-General “In larger freedom: towards development, security and human rights for all” (A/59/2005) proposed a number of initiatives of vital importance to millions of women and girls in conflict and post-conflict areas, including: the creation of a Peacebuilding Commission; increased focus on conflict prevention; the responsibility to protect populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic [...]cleansing and crimes [...]against humanity; more effective protection of human rights; and enhanced rule of law. un.org |
在生物多样性领域可能已发生过此 类事件(导致 了 物 种 的迅 速 灭绝 ) ， 而 且 在渔业领域和一些水系中可能也快要发生。 daccess-ods.un.org | Such events could already be occurring in the [...] area of biodiversity (resulting in rapid extinction of species) and may be close to occurring in the [...]fisheries [...]domain and in some water systems. daccess-ods.un.org |
而对于那些数额相对比较小的预算项目， 哪怕在预算额上只有很小的偏差，在表示为“开支率”时就有可能 产 生 很 大 偏 差 ，尽管 从绝 对值意义上这种偏差的影响实际上是可以忽略不计。 unesdoc.unesco.org | For budget lines with relatively small amounts, minor [...] variations in the [...] budget may give a large deviation in the “expenditure rate”, even though the impact of such a deviation is negligible in absolute terms. unesdoc.unesco.org |
其中包 括气候变化、生物多样 性、防治荒漠化、濒 于 灭绝 的 物 种 贸 易、山区湿地的可持 续发展、淡水的数量和质量。 daccess-ods.un.org | These include, among others, climate change, biological diversity, combating desertification, [...] trade in endangered species, [...]sustainable development of mountains, wetlands, and the quantity and quality of freshwater. daccess-ods.un.org |
咨委会 向 特别顾问和秘书长提供 的 咨询意见大体上 仍 然 是保密 的，但 是 可 以 总结 为 如何应对可能发生灭绝种族暴 行的复 杂 的国家情况的建 议，以及可 长 期 防止灭 绝种族暴 行的行动意见。 daccess-ods.un.org | The Committee’s advice to the Special Adviser and the Secretary-General remains largely confidential, but can be summarized as specific suggestions regarding the response to complex country situations where there is a possible risk of genocide, and advice on actions that can prevent genocide in the long term. daccess-ods.un.org |
能源部的全球安保互动与合作办公室在出口管制及相关边境安全方案的协 调和供资下，在风险评估和与大规模 毁 灭 性 武 器有关 的 物 品 确认方面培训战略贸 易专门人员(第 1540(2004)号决议第 3 段(c)和(d))，并帮助美国政府在前苏联国 家、东盟国家和中东主办与 1540 决议有关的区域讲习班。 daccess-ods.un.org | The Department of Energy’s Office of Global Security Engagement and Cooperation (GSEC), in coordination with and funding from EXBS, trains strategic trade specialists in risk assessment and WMD-related commodity identification (paras. 3 (c) and 3 (d) of resolution 1540 (2004)), and has helped the United States Government sponsor regional 1540-related workshops in the former Soviet States, the ASEAN States, and the Middle East. daccess-ods.un.org |
宪法》还承认，无论生命在哪里生息繁衍，自 [...] 然，或者说地球母亲，都有权得到充分尊重。而且， 各国应当对有可能导致物种灭绝、生 态 系 统被破坏或 者自然循环被永久打乱的活动实施预防和限制性措 施。 daccess-ods.un.org | It also recognizes that “nature — or Pachamama — wherever life occurs and plays out, has the right to full respect” and that the State shall apply precautionary and restrictive measures [...] concerning activities that could [...] lead to the extinction of species, the destruction of ecosystems [...]or the permanent disturbance of natural cycles. daccess-ods.un.org |
经社会了解到太平洋小岛屿国家为保 护 生物 多 样 性和维系生态系统服 务能力而出台的各种举措，诸如太平洋 最 大 的 海 洋保护区——基里巴斯的菲 尼克斯群岛保护区、以及涵盖亚太区域若干国家的珊瑚礁三角区倡议——这 一地区拥有世界最大面积的红树林，提供了金枪鱼和其他全球重要鱼种产卵 [...] 和幼体生长的重要区域。 daccess-ods.un.org | The Commission was informed of initiatives [...] that were being [...] undertaken by Pacific island developing countries to protect biodiversity and the maintenance of ecosystem services, such as the Phoenix [...]Islands Protected [...]Area in Kiribati, the largest marine protected area in the Pacific Ocean, and the Coral Triangle Initiative, which covered a number of countries in the Asia-Pacific region, included the greatest extent of mangrove forests in the world and provided a critical spawning and juvenile growth area for tuna and other globally significant fish species. daccess-ods.un.org |
该集团注意到，法庭通过确保逮捕和审判一些最 臭名昭著的种族灭绝罪嫌 疑人、争取更多国家的合作 以及打击有罪不罚文化，在法庭任务规定方面取得很 大成绩；该集团期待着不久将完成军事审判，这将成 为又一重大成绩。 daccess-ods.un.org | Noting that the Tribunal had realized significant achievements in [...] connection with its [...] mandate by ensuring the arrest and trial of some of the most notorious genocide suspects, by gaining the cooperation of an increasing number of countries [...]and by combating [...]the culture of impunity, the Group looked forward to the forthcoming conclusion of the military trial, which would constitute a further major achievement. daccess-ods.un.org |
(c) 在过渡司法方面，保持过渡司法问题的最高优先地位，广泛传播关于全 [...] 国协商的报告，并为迈向实施双重机制，恢复讨论待决问题(法院检察官的独立 性，真相与和解委员会和特别法庭之间的关系，将战争罪、危害人类罪和种 族灭 绝罪排除在大赦范围之外)。 daccess-ods.un.org | (c) In the area of transitional justice, keep the issue of transitional justice as a top priority, communicate widely the report on national consultations and, with a view to progressing towards implementation of the double mechanism, resume the discussions on pending issues (independence of the Court prosecutor, relationship between the Truth and [...] Reconciliation Commission and the Special Tribunal, [...] and exclusion of amnesty for war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide). daccess-ods.un.org |
外部伙伴关系 [...] 之一是教科文组织与联合国环境规划 署、17个分布区国家和几个非政府组 织在以防止大类人猿濒临灭绝为目的 的大类人猿保护项目（GRASP）中的 合作。 unesdoc.unesco.org | One example of an external partnership is that of UNESCO’s collaboration with UNEP, 17 Range States, and [...] several NGOs in the Great Apes Survival Project [...] (GRASP) aiming to combat threats of imminent extinction of the Great Apes. unesdoc.unesco.org |
它迫使认可它的最不发达国家（绝大 多 数 是 OAPI 成员国）在需要前就采用《与贸 易有关的知识产权协议》；它对强制许可证颁发的限制超出了《与贸易有关的知识产权协 议》要求的程度；它没有明确允许平行进口；它把国际 植 物 新 品种保护联盟 (UPOV) 1991 的部分内容归入该协议内并且提供作者死后 70 年的著作权期限。 iprcommission.org | It obliges LDC members (the majority of OAPI members) who ratify it to apply TRIPS in advance of need; it restricts the issuance of compulsory licences to a greater extent than required by TRIPS; it does not explicitly allow parallel imports; it incorporates the elements of UPOV 1991 in the agreement and it provides for a copyright term of 70 years after the death of the author. iprcommission.org |
自从某些曾参与前军事政 权的部门做出了激烈反应之后，阿根廷国内 产 生 了 一 些忧虑，但 是 绝大 部 分 国民均对 这种激烈反应表示谴责。 unesdoc.unesco.org | In the case of Argentina, some concerns have arisen following the violent reaction of some sectors involved in the former military regime, but the overwhelming majority of the population has condemned this reaction. unesdoc.unesco.org |
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