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External sources (not reviewed)

These are two extremely important properties that make Polmax stands out as one the cleanest steels available.

[...] [...] the classical smelting in a rotary [...]

It was also suggested that FAO should undertake technical work in the following five priority areas to assist States and RFMOs implement resolutions 61/105 and 64/72 and the FAO Guidelines: (i) improving and expanding application of the criteria for the identification of VMEs beyond corals, sponges, seamounts and hydrothermal vents; (ii) developing guidance on impact mitigation measures and best practices for developing and applying encounter protocols relevant to VMEs, particularly by RFMOs; (iii) developing guidance on what and how information should be collected to implement measures for managing fishery impacts on VMEs; (iv) defining certain terms that could clarify implementation of the FAO Guidelines; and (v) developing guidance on best practices for conducting assessments.

Meanwhile, in the Kivus and Maniema, where no such traceability systems were introduced, mineral production and official exports have fallen since refineries and smelters seeking conflict-free smelter status stated that from 1 April 2011 onwards they would buy material from red-flag locations only if tagged under the ITRI Tin Supply Chain Initiative scheme (see S/2011/738, para. 339).

In paragraph 83 (a) of resolution 61/105, the General Assembly called upon RFMO/As to assess, on the basis of the best available scientific information, whether individual bottom fishing activities would have significant adverse impacts on VMEs, and to ensure that activities that would have significant adverse impacts on these ecosystems were managed to prevent such impacts, or not authorized to proceed.

Such support included effective ocean governance, which was a global issue that required the efforts of governments in the Asia-Pacific region, and in distant nations dependent on fishing, to better regulate fishing and help combat illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing.

There were also nine other presenters, whose papers focused on an analysis of mining technologies developed in the 1970s and 1980s and model mining units envisaged in the 1970s and 1980s; project economics and cost models that had been developed in the past for deep seabed mining; the economic and technical considerations underpinning the pioneer regime and the Authority’s regulations; possible use of space applications for deep seabed mining; the status of lift systems for polymetallic nodule mining; advances in nickel laterite processing and possible applications to polymetallic nodule processing; technology development for polymetallic sulphides and possible applications to nodule mining; and advances in riser technology for oil and gas and possible applications to nodule mining.

[...] [...] the Ivorian oil refinery company (Société ivoirienne de raffinage), [...] [...]

While bottom-set longlines may snag and damage benthic epifauna and irregular objects on the bottom, longline fisheries do offer the potential to conduct fishing without severe habitat damage and to do so in a relatively energy-conscious manner.

The objectives of Tonga Offshore Mining’s plan of work are to: (a) determine the most efficient and environmentally acceptable method to process and recover nickel, cobalt, copper and manganese from the polymetallic nodules, and define in what form these metals would report in a final product for sale, as well as the related capital and operating costs; (b) decide upon the optimum method to recover the material to surface with the minimum of environmental disturbance, as well as the related capital and operating costs; and (c) define what grade of nickel, cobalt, copper and manganese is required in the polymetallic nodules for economic extraction, and determine through exploration what quantity and density of such material can be identified and delineated in the contract area.