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External sources (not reviewed)

[...] replacement of CFC-11 and CFC-12 with HFA propellant will require a more complex process since ethanol cannot be used in the new HFA formulation.

[...] [...] CFCs, which are already available in the country, to be used by the company during the conversion process to HFA technology.

[...] several of the HFA-MDIs that have been developed by GSK is in suspension (and not in solution) in HFA, which requires [...] [...]

[...] [...] production line to HFA technology by 2012.

In further discussing other elements of the project with UNIDO, the Secretariat indicated that, considering the amount of CFC consumption in the sector, the fact that only one laboratory is being considered for replacement, and the fact that Mexico already has a large supply of MDIs using both HFA and DPIs from other companies, the project preparation could be done at a lower cost than that requested by UNIDO.

[...] [...] implementation of its HCFC phase-out management [...] [...]

[...] [...] converted over to HFA-based formulations.

The MDI market is supplied by imported CFC- and HFA-MDIs and locally produced CFC-MDIs in a lower proportion.

The objectives of the project are: replace the use of CFCs at Laboratorio Pablo Cassará for the production of salbutamol CFC-MDIs to isobutane; to replace the use of CFCs at Laboratorio Denver Farma for the production of salbutamol and budesonide CFC-MDIs to HFA technology; [...] [...]

Pro/ExCom/56/22, the representative of the Secretariat said that, on behalf of the Government of Argentina, the World Bank had submitted a project proposal for the phase-out of CFC consumption in the manufacturing of MDIs in Argentina through the conversion of production lines to isobutane and hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) technology.

These issues were, specifically: the eligibility of the request for the development of a salbutamol plus ipratropium HFA-MDI when this CFC-MDI was only manufactured from 2005; the level of funding requested for development of ipratropium and ciclesonide HFA-MDIs, taking into consideration the relatively low levels of production and the fact that production of ciclesonide commenced only in 2004 by one company; and the technical capacity available in the country, considering that one enterprise has already developed two HFA-MDIs and the other two enterprises had already developed DPIs.

[...] [...] establishing a temporary HFA storage facility [...]

Production of HFA-MDIs has been increasing worldwide since the first HFA-MDI was introduced in the United Kingdom in March 1995.2 By the end of 1996, the salbutamol HFA-MDI was available in several Article 5 and non-Article 5 Parties; a second pharmaceutical company introduced HFA-MDIs for salbutamol in Europe in 1997; and a nationally-owned MDI manufacturing company in an Article 5 country launched HFA-MDIs3 in 2000.

[...] solvents, e.g. hydrocarbons.

On the basis of the new production data provided by Zafa, UNDP revised the original proposal to include in addition to the request for equipment (US $196,000 after deducting counter part funding), a request for development of HFA-MDIs for salbutamol (US $80,500) and salbutamol/beclomethasone (US $105,000) and operating costs (US $5,292 based on the 2007 level of production).

The issues were, specifically: the request for retroactive payment for Beximco, and the request for additional equipment when the company is already producing HFA-MDIs; the eligibility of all the new equipment being requested for Acme and Pharma, taking into consideration that their production lines are relatively new; and the level of operating costs.

(g) A strategy for stockpiling CFCs currently used for active ingredients that could not be converted to HFA-MDIs due to non-availability of formulations (i.e., ipratropium bromide, triotropium and salmeterol) has been prepared by the Government of Bangladesh and the Lung Foundation.

UNDP also indicated that further to discussions between GSK Pakistan with its parent company the initial proposal, with GSK providing the HFA formulation to GSK Pakistan, was no longer viable due to environmental conditions in the country, which will make it difficult to ensure the quality of the product.

[...] manufacturing plants to HFA technology, a request [...] [...]

[...] HDF), coal oil, olefin, and base oil.

Do not use 1,1,1-trichloroethane, methylene chloride, other halogenated hydrocarbon solvents or fluids containing such solvents.

[...] [...] alternatives to HCFCs with a lower GWP such as propane, it had few alternatives [...]