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External sources (not reviewed)

Noma is the most brutal face of poverty and malnutrition in children and thus gives rise to some of the worst violations of the rights of the child.

It would thus not be far-fetched to describe children with noma as representing a group of neglected victims.

The annex contains the human rights principles and guidelines to improve the protection of children at risk or affected by malnutrition, specifically at risk of or affected by noma.

(c) The relationship between severe malnutrition and childhood diseases, taking children affected by noma as an example, and guidelines to improve the legal protection of malnourished children

(b) Government and private funding for the fight against noma in Africa should be increased and funding and WHO coordination for other regions urgently provided.

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Across the board, the actors consulted during the drafting process agreed that more needs to be done in the fight against noma – starting with policies aimed at eliminating poverty and reducing malnutrition – and that States and relevant specialized agencies ought to assume responsibility.

The second part of this study will focus extensively on noma.

Figure 3 presents data from the ITC Project on the percentage of smokers who do not know that smoking causes peripheral vascular diseases, i.e., gangrene, poor blood flow to the limbs.

(c) Affected States must establish noma action plans and appoint a noma focal person.

Under Act No. XLVII of 1997 on the management and protection of health related data and relevant personal data, a reporting obligation is foreseen for cases of infectious diseases resulting from biological pathogens and toxins (Centers for Disease Control “Category A”, bioterrorism agents/diseases like anthrax, plague).

States should promote a resolution at the World Health Assembly to list noma as a neglected disease.

Therefore, in the context of preventing noma, tackling malnutrition of babies, as well as mothers, is imperative.

A human rights analysis of severe malnutrition and childhood diseases, including noma, helps us understand that the rights of children and other individuals – as opposed to privileges which can be given and taken – and obligations of States and international organizations under international law – as opposed to voluntary commitments – are centre stage.

This study cannot fully assess the effects of the transfer of responsibilities from the WHO Geneva headquarters to the WHO Regional Office for Africa on the fight against noma in Africa (see above).

(c) The relationship between severe malnutrition and childhood diseases, taking children affected by noma as an example, and ways to improve the protection of malnourished children

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In its resolution 19/7, the Human Rights Council took note of the submission by the Advisory Committee of the above-mentioned study on severe malnutrition and childhood diseases with children affected by noma as an example, including the human rights principles and guidelines to improve the protection of children at risk or affected by malnutrition, specifically at risk of or affected by noma, annexed thereto, and encouraged States to implement those principles.

The 1994 five-point action programme against noma and the technical guidelines are thus intended for application only in Africa, while children in Asia and in other regions are excluded from surveillance, health care, surgery and rehabilitation.

In its resolution 16/27, the Human Rights Council welcomed the final study on discrimination in the context of the right to food and, taking into account recommendation 6/2 of the Committee, requested the Committee to undertake, as appropriate, comprehensive studies on (a) the urban poor and their enjoyment of the right to food, including strategies to improve their protection and best practices; (b) rural women and their enjoyment of the right to food, including patterns of discrimination, strategies and policies for their protection and best practices, with a special focus on female-headed households and temporary or seasonal workers; and (c) the relationship between severe malnutrition and childhood diseases, taking children affected by noma as an example, and ways to improve the protection of malnourished children.

(b) On 3 December 2008, the Nuclear, Radiological, Biological and Chemical Service of the Special Investigation Agency was alerted by the Mission of the United States of America owing to the suspected presence of anthrax in the diplomatic pouch.

In the context of a partial replacement of small consumable items, two covers providing protection against parcel bombs and two rubber suits with built-in respiration systems (protection against anthrax) were purchased.

Given the lack of appropriate information for the population in general and mothers in particular, noma tends to be perceived as a curse, “coming from the devil” and, ultimately, shame on the family.