| 单词 | 最惠国 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 | 最惠国 —most-favored nation (trade status)Examples:最惠国待遇—most favored nation See also:惠 n—benefit n • favorAE n • honorific n 惠—surname Hui • give sb. property or advantage
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换言之，除了以明确或隐含性的方式确 定 最惠国 条 款 原则上是否包含争端 解决条款，并对有关最惠国条款 进行解释以确定其实际上是否适用于争端解决条 款的两步骤进程外，还有一个可能在判例法中被忽略的先行步骤，该步骤的目的 确定谁有权受惠，以及是否符合享有这种优惠的前提条件。 daccess-ods.un.org | In other words, instead of a two-step process deciding, explicitly or [...] implicitly, whether [...] in principle MFN clauses covered dispute settlement provisions, and embarking on the interpretation of the MFN provision [...]in question to see whether [...]it applied in fact to dispute settlement provisions, there was a prior step, possibly overlooked in the case-law, aimed at determining who was entitled to benefit and whether the preconditions for access had been fulfilled. daccess-ods.un.org |
研究组还认 识到，与最惠国有关 的投资裁决中的主要问题似是如何确 定 最惠国 待 遇 权的范 围，也就是说，明确或隐含性地属于“条款主题事项范围”的是什么。 daccess-ods.un.org | It also recognized that the key [...] question in the [...] investment decisions concerning MFN seemed to be how the scope of the right to MFN treatment was to be determined, [...]that is to [...]say what expressly or impliedly fell “within the limits of the subject-matter of the clause”. daccess-ods.un.org |
还应进一 [...] 步考察国际法的其他领域，看这些领域 中 最惠国 条 款 的适用能否为研究组的工作 提供一些见解。 daccess-ods.un.org | A further look should also be taken at [...] other areas of international law to see if [...] any application of MFN there might provide [...]some insight for the Study Group’s work. daccess-ods.un.org |
在这方面， 讨论者忆及 1978 年关于最惠国条款的条款草案第 14 条规定，能否行使针对受惠 国或者与之有确定关系的人或事的 最惠国 条 款 下所产生的权利，取决于是否符合 包含该条款的条约中所规定的或者施惠国与受惠国以其他方式商定的有关条款和 条件。 daccess-ods.un.org | In this regard, it was recalled that [...] article 14 of the 1978 draft articles on the MFN Clause provided that the exercise of rights arising under a MFN clause for the beneficiary State or for persons [...]or things in a [...]determined relationship with that State was subject to compliance with the relevant terms and conditions laid down in the treaty containing the clause or otherwise agreed between the granting State and the beneficiary State. daccess-ods.un.org |
此外，工作文件还探讨了各法庭未作为一个因素加以明确处理的问题，那就 是，所提起的索赔类型是否影响到法庭 以 最惠国 条 款 方式纳入其他规定的意愿， 以及是否影响到最惠国的适 用限制，包括马菲基尼案中述及的“公共政策”例外 情形。 daccess-ods.un.org | Moreover, the working paper considered the question, albeit not explicitly dealt with by the tribunals as a factor, whether the type of claim being made had had an influence on the willingness of tribunals to [...] incorporate other [...] provisions by means of an MFN clause, as well as the limits of the application of the MFN, including the “public [...]policy” exceptions set out in Maffezini. daccess-ods.un.org |
研究组再次申明，需要进一步研究与服务贸易和投资协定有关 的 最惠国问 题，以及最惠国待遇、公正和公平待遇以及国民待遇标准之间的关系。 daccess-ods.un.org | The Study Group once more affirmed the need to study further the question of MFN in relation to trade in services and investment agreements, as well as the relationship between MFN, fair and equitable treatment, and national treatment standards. daccess-ods.un.org |
研 究组审议并评阅了根据 2009 年商定的框架而编写的各种文件，其中包括各 种最 惠国待遇规定和关于 1978 条款草案的文件、关税和贸易组织与世界贸易组织的 实践、经合组织和贸发会议关于 最惠国 条 款的工作以及“马菲基尼”问题。 daccess-ods.un.org | The Study Group considered and reviewed the various papers prepared on the basis of the framework which had been agreed [...] upon in 2009, including a [...] catalogue of MFN provisions and papers on the 1978 draft articles, the practice of GATT and WTO, the work of OECD and UNCTAD on MFN, and the “Maffezini” issue, and set out a programme of work for next year (chap. XI). daccess-ods.un.org |
为了完成与投资法领域有关的最惠国 待 遇条款方面的工作 ， 最惠国 待 遇 研 究组计划审议在贸易和投资法领域以外使 用 最惠国 待 遇 条款的情况是否能对其工 作提供任何指导。 daccess-ods.un.org | In order to complete [...] its work on the Most-Favoured-Nation clause in relation to the field of investment law, the Study Group on The Most-Favoured-Nation clause plans to consider whether any use of Most-Favoured-Nation clauses [...]in areas outside those [...]of trade and investment law could provide it with guidance for its work. daccess-ods.un.org |
在决定可否利用最惠国条 款将争端解决条款纳入基本条约的问题上，有一个分两步走的程序。 daccess-ods.un.org | There was a two-step process involved in deciding whether an MFN clause could [...] be used to incorporate dispute settlement [...]provisions into the basic treaty. daccess-ods.un.org |
与此同时，委员会虽然目前主要关注的是投 资问题，但并不是第一次研究最惠国 条 款这一主题，有代表团忆及于此，表示怀 疑这一专题是否可能编纂成法，并进一步指出，这一主题十分复杂，而且同国际 法的其他领域密切相关、相互交织，特别是同属于联合国国际贸易法委员会(贸 易法委员会)和世界贸易组织(世贸组织)范围的国际私法、贸易法和投资密切相 关、相互交织。 daccess-ods.un.org | At the same, recalling that the Commission was not taking up the subject for the first time, albeit at the present instance focusing on investment, the view was expressed doubting the viability of the topic in terms of its possible codification, noting further that the subject was complex, and closely related to and intertwined with other fields of international law, particularly private international law, trade law and investment, areas within the domain of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) and the World Trade Organization (WTO). daccess-ods.un.org |
世贸组织 成员正在谈判最惠国待遇 豁免问题，即允许对最不发达国家的服务给予优惠性市 场准入。 daccess-ods.un.org | WTO members are [...] negotiating a most-favourednation waiver allowing grant of preferential market access [...]for least developed countries’ services. daccess-ods.un.org |
研究组确认，一般出发点应是《维也纳条约法公约》，同时以可从投资领域 的实践中得出的任何原则作为补充，但研究组指出，提到 以 最惠国 索 赔 涉及的双 边投资条约每个缔约方的另外缔约做法来确定各方 在 最惠国 条 款 范围方面的意 图，这似乎得不到《维也纳条约法公约》的支持。 daccess-ods.un.org | It was confirmed that the general point of departure would be the Vienna Convention of the Law of Treaties, supplemented by any principles that may be deduced from practice in the investment area, although it was noted that reference to the separate treaty-making practice of each of the parties to [...] the BIT, in respect [...] of which an MFN claim had been made, as a means to ascertain the intention of the parties regarding the scope of the MFN clause, did [...]not seem to find support in the VCLT. daccess-ods.un.org |
研 究组根据最惠国条款 在投资协定中的解释和适用问题工作文件，并根据一项为了 能概要总结在研究组总体工作中可能需要审议的问题而制定的问题框架，举行了 涉及面宽广的讨论，讨论同时还考虑到其他情况的发展，包括最新的仲裁决定。 daccess-ods.un.org | The Study Group held a wide-ranging discussion, on the basis of the working paper on the Interpretation and Application of MFN Clauses in Investment Agreements and a framework of questions prepared to provide an overview of issues that may need to be considered in the context of the overall work of the Study Group, while also taking into account other developments, including recent arbitral decisions. daccess-ods.un.org |
这些办法包括： (a) 区分实质与程序(管辖权)；(b) 采用条约解释办法，要么将最惠国条 款 的解释 作为一般条约解释事项，要么将其视为对法庭管辖权的解释；(c) 采用条约规定 冲突办法，即各法庭考虑到这样一个事实：拟纳入条约的事项已在基本条约中得 到不同处理；(d) 将各方惯例视为确定它们在最惠国条 款 范围方面意图的一个方 法。 daccess-ods.un.org | These included (a) drawing a distinction between substance and procedure (jurisdiction); (b) following a treaty [...] interpretation approach, whether [...] by interpreting MFN provisions as a general matter of treaty interpretation or treating the matter as one of interpreting the jurisdiction of the tribunal; (c) adopting a conflict of treaty provisions approach, whereby tribunals take into account the fact that the matter sought to be incorporated into the treaty has already been covered, in a different way, in the basic treaty itself; and (d) considering the practice of the parties as a means to ascertain the intention of the parties regarding the scope of the MFN clause. daccess-ods.un.org |
有一种情境以假定最惠国条款 可以包括程 序性权利为出发点，另一种情景则以假 定 最惠国 条 款 不包括程序性权利为出发 点。 daccess-ods.un.org | The starting assumption in one [...] scenario was that the MFN clause can include procedural rights, while in the other it was that the MFN clause did not include [...]procedural rights. daccess-ods.un.org |
另一方面，联合国贸易和发展会议（贸 发会议）和经济合作与发展组织（经合组织）已经 着手进行贸易和投资最惠国条款的解释和范围的具 体研究，研究小组应避免重复现有的工作。 daccess-ods.un.org | On the other hand, detailed studies on the interpretation and scope of mostfavoured-nation clauses relating to trade and investment had been undertaken by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and the Study Group should avoid replicating the existing body of work. daccess-ods.un.org |
关于“最惠国条款 ”的专题，1978 年以来在世 界贸易组织（世贸组织）和法庭关于投资问题条约 仲裁中已产生了许多判例。 daccess-ods.un.org | With regard to [...] the topic “The most-favourednation clause”, much [...]jurisprudence had been generated since 1978, both within [...]the World Trade Organization (WTO) and by tribunals in arbitration concerning investment treaties. daccess-ods.un.org |
第二类条款包括第 25 条（最惠国条款与便利边 境贸易的待遇的关系）和第 26 条（最惠国条款 与内 陆第三国的权利及待遇的关系），这一类条款也引人 关注，尽管尚不完全清楚在当代背景下这些条款的 范围有哪些。 daccess-ods.un.org | A second category of articles, [...] including article 25 (The most-favoured-nation clause in relation to treatment extended to facilitate frontier traffic) and article 26 (The most-favoured-nation clause [...]in relation to rights [...]and facilities extended to a landlocked third State), was also of some interest, although it was not entirely clear what the scope of those articles was in the contemporary context. daccess-ods.un.org |
随着南亚区域合作联盟的新举措和巴 基斯坦向印度提供最惠国贸易 地位，南亚的贸易前景得到了改善。 daccess-ods.un.org | The prospects for trade in South Asia had improved with new initiatives of the South Asian [...] Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and [...] the awarding of most favoured nation trading [...]status to India by Pakistan. daccess-ods.un.org |
这些条款包括第 7 条（最惠国待遇的法 律依据），第 8 条（最惠国待遇的来源和范围），第 9 条（根据最惠国条款 取得的权利的范围），第 10 条 （根据最惠国条款 取得的权利），第 16 条（授予国 和第三国之间商定的限制的无关性），第 23 条（最 惠国条款对普遍优惠制的关系）和第 24 条（最惠国 条款 对于发展中国家之间的安排的关系）。 daccess-ods.un.org | Those articles included article 7 [...] (Legal basis of most-favoured-nation treatment), article 8 (The source and scope of mostfavoured-nation treatment), article 9 (Scope of rights under a most-favoured-nation clause), article 10 (Acquisition of rights under a most-favoured-nation clause), article 16 (Irrelevance of limitations agreed between the granting State and a third State), article 23 (The most-favoured-nation clause in relation to treatment under a generalized system of preferences) and article 24 (The most-favoured-nation clause in relation to arrangements between developing States). daccess-ods.un.org |
关于“最惠国条款 ”专题，委员会重新设立了一 个 最惠国 条 款 研究组。 daccess-ods.un.org | Regarding the topic “The Most-favoured-nation clause”, the Commission reconstituted the Study Group on the Most-Favoured-Nation clause. daccess-ods.un.org |
第一步是以 明确或含蓄的方式，确定最惠国条款 原则上是否包括争端解决条款，第二步是对 有关最惠国条款 加以解释，看其实际上是否适用于争端解决条款。 daccess-ods.un.org | The first was to decide, explicitly [...] or implicitly, whether [...] in principle MFN clauses covered dispute settlement provisions, and the second was to interpret the MFN provision in [...]question to see whether [...]it applied in fact to dispute settlement provisions. daccess-ods.un.org |
国民待遇和最惠国待遇 是多边贸易体制 的的核心原则,与关于个人自由、不歧视、机会平等和尊重法治的人权问题有许 多共同之处。 daccess-ods.un.org | National treatment and most favoured nation treatment, the core principles of the multilateral trading system, had much [...] in common with human rights [...]issues concerning individual freedom, non-discrimination, equal opportunities and respect for the rule of law. daccess-ods.un.org |
因此，有代表团建议研究组对工作方法给予特别重视，以坚实和连贯的研 究结果为基础形成结论，包括在方法上采取按部就班的做法，(a) 研究最惠国条 款在当代形势中的实际经济意义；(b) 更多地阐明最惠国条款 的范围、解释和适 用；并(c) 研究如何解释和适用最惠国条款。 daccess-ods.un.org | That would include, methodologically, taking a step-by-step approach that would entail the Study Group (a) studying [...] the real economic [...] relevance of the Most-Favoured-Nation clause in contemporary times; (b) shedding additional light on the scope of Most-Favoured-Nation clauses and their interpretation and application; and then (c) studying how the Most-Favoured-Nation clauses were to be interpreted [...]and applied. daccess-ods.un.org |
特别是最惠国原则 意味着通过双边和地区协议达成的条款必须在 同样的基础上供其它世界贸易组织成员国采用。 iprcommission.org | In particular the Most Favoured Nation Principle means [...] that terms agreed bilaterally or regionally must be offered to all [...]other WTO members on the same basis. iprcommission.org |
也有人认为，研究组可在关贸总协定和世贸组织 的 最惠国 条 款 及其适用协 定的范围内，进一步研究服务贸易和知识产权贸易问题之间的关系以及研究组着 [...] 重的投资问题。 daccess-ods.un.org | It was also considered that the Group could study further, [...] in the context of MFN in the GATT and [...]the WTO and its covered agreements, the relation [...]between trade in services and in intellectual property issues and the investment focus of the Study Group. daccess-ods.un.org |
在审查贸发会议文件时还提及了各种政策问题，例如“免费 [...] 搭车者”和身份问题、入境前和入境后条款以 及 最惠国 待 遇 标准和其他投资保护 标准之间的关系。 daccess-ods.un.org | In reviewing the UNCTAD papers reference was also made to various policy questions such as the “Free rider” and identity issues, pre-entry [...] and post-entry clauses and the [...] relationship between the MFN treatment standard and [...]other standards of investment protection. daccess-ods.un.org |
2002 年 2 月(到 2010 年已有 8 [...] 年)，世界贸易组织争端解决机构认可，第211 节违反国民待遇和最惠国待遇 的义务《关于与贸易有关的知识产权协议》和《巴 [...] 黎保护工业产权公约》，并要求美国政府根据《关于与贸易有关的知识产权协议》 [...] 所定的义务，整改这一不符合协议的措施。 daccess-ods.un.org | Appellate Body, in February 2002, [...] found that Section 211 violated [...] national treatment and most-favoured-nation obligations [...]under the Agreement on TradeRelated [...]Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, and requested that the United States Government should bring its measures into conformity with its obligations under the TRIPS Agreement. daccess-ods.un.org |
研究组考虑到最近的其他动态，包括所发布的贸发会议《国际投资协定问题丛书 第二辑》续篇“最惠国待遇 ”，672 该书除其他外介绍了在马菲基尼案后签订投 资协定的各国的反应，表明了明确指 出 最惠国 条 款 适用或不适用于争端解决程序 的趋势。 daccess-ods.un.org | The Study Group took into account other recent developments, including the issuance of the sequel to the UNCTAD Series on Issues in [...] International [...] Investment Agreements II, Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment672 reflecting, inter alia, the reaction by States entering into investment agreements following Maffezini, showing a tendency to state expressly that the MFN clause applied [...]or did not apply to [...]dispute settlement procedures. daccess-ods.un.org |
目前，世界范围内约有 300 项区域贸易 协定正在实施，包括双边自由贸易协定。世界贸易的很大一部分是在 优惠的基础上、而不是在最惠国待遇的基础上进行的。 daccess-ods.un.org | Currently, some 300 RTAs, including bilateral free trade agreements (FTAs), are in force worldwide, [...] and a significant part of world trade is [...] conducted on a preferential basis rather than on a most-favoured-nation basis. daccess-ods.un.org |
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