| 单词 | 支配力 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 | 支配力—power or force dominateSee also:支配n—dominancen controln dominationn handn gripn 支配v—controlv rulev dictatev 支配—dominate allocate
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(b) 在市场地位被滥用时，或者市场支配力集中在跨国公司手中的时候， 各国政府需要介入。 daccess-ods.un.org | (b) Governments needto step in when the market is abused or there isastrong concentration of market power in the hands of TNCs. daccess-ods.un.org |
低质量的专利、 法律标准和程序在不经意间造成了反竞争 的效果，导致无根据的市场支配力，并不公 正地增加了成本。 cgfwatch.org | Poor patent quality and legal standards and procedures that [...] inadvertently may have anticompetitive effects can cause [...] unwarranted market power and can unjustifiablyincrease costs. cgfwatch.org |
本案例说明了，通过对专利请求过于宽 泛的解释从而扩张专利所赋予支配力的尝试。 cgfwatch.org | This case illustrates an attempt to [...] expand the legal powersconferredby patents [...]through an overly broad interpretation of patent claims. cgfwatch.org |
目前涉及食物权的多边贸易制度的主要特点包括：(a) 日益依赖国际 贸易，这种情况在出口商品下跌时会造成出口收入的损失；廉价进口品一旦进入国 [...] 内市场，对当地生产者造成威胁，这些生产者无法与其竞争，以及粮食价格一旦上 涨，粮食净进口国的国际收支就会出问题；(b) [...] 在日益集中的全球粮食供应链中可能 会出现滥用市场支配力的情 况，以及国内农业部门可能进一步双元化；(c) [...]对环境及 人的健康和营养的可能影响，虽然这种影响与适足食物权密切相关，但在国际贸易 [...]讨论中一般无视这种影响。 daccess-ods.un.org | The main impacts of the current multilateral trade regime on the right to food include: (a) increased dependency on international trade which may lead to loss of export revenues when the prices of export commodities go down, threats to local producers when low-priced imports arrive on the domestic markets, against which these producers are unable to compete, and balance of payments problems for the net food-importing countries when [...] the prices of food commodities go up; [...] (b) potential abuses of market power in increasingly [...]concentrated global food supply [...]chains and further dualization of the domestic farming sector; and (c) potential impacts on the environment and on human health and nutrition, impacts that are usually ignored in international trade discussions, despite their close relationship to the right to adequate food. daccess-ods.un.org |
如果这种尝试获得了成功，就会给二级 市场的竞争带来负面影响（例如，用耐苏云 金杆菌的棉花制造出来的 T 恤）。这样， [...] 专利所有人可以在其专利并不覆盖的产品 上行使其不适当的支配力。cgfwatch.org | If these attempts were successful, they could have a major adverse effect on competition in secondary markets (e.g. shirts made out of Bt [...] (Bacillus thuringiensis) cotton), as the patent owner would exercise [...] undue market poweron products not [...]covered by patents. cgfwatch.org |
电力和天然气市场的改革经验表 明，在引入竞争后，强大的市场支配力和集 中问题依然存在。 daccess-ods.un.org | The experience in electricity and natural gas market reforms reveals the persistence of problems of significant market power andconcentration after competition has been introduced. daccess-ods.un.org |
如果一个知识产权所有人把其知识 产权许可、转让或者销售给一家或者多家公 司（而这些公司如果没有与所有人达成协议 [...] 将成为事实或潜在的竞争者），且这种协议 创造、增强或者维持了市场支配力，那么有 关部门可以根据竞争法的有关条款，寻求对 [...]该协议进行挑战。 cgfwatch.org | “If an IP owner licenses, transfers or sells the IP to a firm or a group of firms that would have been actual or potential competitors without the arrangement, and [...] if this arrangement creates, enhances or [...] maintains market power, theBureau may [...]seek to challenge the arrangement under the [...]appropriate section of the Competition Act. cgfwatch.org |
此外，跨国公司和大型超级市场在全球 价值链上的支配力日益增长，企业为应对全球金融和经济危机开展内部运行重组 ( 例如减员、裁员、合并及收购) ，这些都对依赖初级商品的发展中经济体有不利 影响，不仅因为它们是价格接受者，还因为它们在价值链低端运作，收益会随上 游的重组而缩水。 daccess-ods.un.org | Furthermore, [...] the increasingdominance of transnational corporations and large supermarkets of global value chains, internal operational restructuring (e.g. downsizing, layoffs, mergers and acquisition) [...]in response to [...]the global financial and economic meltdown hurts CDDCs not only because they are price-takers but also because they operate at the low ends of value chains where their share of profits gets squeezed with upstream restructuring. daccess-ods.un.org |
不仅如此，微软公司因为滥 用其在欧盟市场上的支配力而被课以 49.7 亿欧元的罚款。 cgfwatch.org | In addition, Microsoft was fined Euro 497 million for abusing its market power in the EU.90 Competition law concerns have also frequently arisen in relation to copyright collecting societies. cgfwatch.org |
( 例如饮用水) ，因此需求没有弹 性，使具有市场支配力的供应商更易保持高价。 daccess-ods.un.org | The services provided are often a basic [...] necessity (e.g. drinking water), so demand is [...] inelastic, making it easier for providers with market power to keep prices high. daccess-ods.un.org |
竞争机构要考虑，如 果不允许他人使用该权利会导致垄断或者 近似垄断，尤其是当权利持有人利用其支配 力制定 超额价格的时候，拒绝许可某知识产 权就是非法的。 cgfwatch.org | Competition authorities may consider that a refusal to license an intellectual property right is unlawful if the lack of permission to use the right leads to a monopoly or near-monopoly, particularly when the dominant position allows the title-holder to charge excessive prices. cgfwatch.org |
在上诉过程中，联邦上诉法院认为，“当 处分协议超越了被处分专利权本身的权能 范围，并增加了处分权人的市场支配力”，专利法所认可的专利处分权“并不能使处分 该专利的协议免于竞争法第 45 条的约束。 cgfwatch.org | The Competition Bureau intervened in an Appeal Court case involving three pharmaceutical companies, Eli-Lilly, Shionogi and Apotex, around the question of whether the assignment of a patent can constitute an agreement or arrangement to lessen competition unduly, contrary to section 45 of the Competition Act. cgfwatch.org |
结构性流失是国际一级的反竞争做法所造成的，例如国际卡特尔/ 联盟、垄 断供应商滥用支配力或者在纵向一体化的关系中滥用购买力等。 daccess-ods.un.org | Structural leakage results from anti-competitive practices at an international level in the form of international cartels/alliances, abuse of dominant power by monopolistic providers or abuse of buying power in vertically integrated relationships. daccess-ods.un.org |
宪法》保障公民自由劳动权、支配自身 劳动能力的权利、选择职业和工 作类型的权利、劳动保护和保证工作环境符合安全卫生要求的权利，以及享有不 低于法律规定最低标准的劳动报酬和社会保障的权利，享有国家对提高公民职业 技能的关怀的权利，并禁止使用童工。 daccess-ods.un.org | They are entitled to labour protection and to working conditions consistent with the requirements of safety and hygiene, and they have the right to remuneration not less than the legally established minimum wage, to the legal minimum of social protection and to State assistance to improve occupational qualifications; the use of child labour is prohibited. daccess-ods.un.org |
本报告通篇进一步详细介绍了所制定的这些措施，其 中包括专门设计的职业培训方案，以及鼓励针对劳动力市场职业需求开展职业培 训的方案；成立阿拉伯人口经济发展管理局；将领取收入补贴者纳入劳动力市场的措施；促进妇女就业的措施，如通过扩大日托中心提供的援助――该措施支持 妇女就业并可增加妇女的可支配收入；以及为更多的残疾人安排劳动就业。 daccess-ods.un.org | Among the measures developed, further elaborated throughout this report, are specifically designated vocational training programs, including programs to encourage vocational training for occupations in-demand in the labor market; establishing the Authority for Economic Development of the Arab Population; measures for integrating income maintenance recipients in the labor market; measures to promote women’s [...] employment such as [...] extending assistance provided by means of day-care centers, a measure that supportsthe employment of women and increases the disposable income; and advancing the integration of persons with disabilities [...]in the work force. daccess-ods.un.org |
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