单词 | 护法战争 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 | 护法战争 —National protection war or Campaign defend the republic |
此外,威胁、挑战和改革问题高级别小组的报告(A/59/565)以及秘书长题 为“大自由:实现人人共享的发展、安全和人权”的报告(A/59/2005)向冲突 地区和冲突后地区的千百万妇女和女孩提出了一些至关重要的倡议,包括:设立 建设和平委员会;加强对预防冲突的重视;负责 保 护 民 众免遭灭绝种族罪 、 战争 罪、 族裔清洗和危害人类罪;更加有效地 保 护 人 权 以及加 强 法 治。 un.org | Furthermore, the report of the High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change (A/59/565) and the report of the Secretary-General “In larger freedom: towards development, security and human rights for all” (A/59/2005) proposed a number of initiatives of vital importance to millions of women and girls in conflict and post-conflict areas, including: the creation of a Peacebuilding Commission; increased focus on [...] conflict prevention; the [...] responsibility to protect populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity; more effective protection of human rights; and enhanced rule of law. un.org |
该证件背面概要介绍了战争法和惯 例,并 解释了文化财产保护标志的含义。 unesdoc.unesco.org | On the back of the card is a memorandum which [...] describes the laws and customs of war and explains the meaning of the protection of cultural property emblem. unesdoc.unesco.org |
举 例而言,这可包括以下领域的经验:国内严重和复杂罪行的辩护,如恐怖主义、 杀人、非预谋杀人、贩运和复杂的白领罪行等罪案;涉及国际层面的案子的 辩护 经验,诸如国际司法协助 、复杂的移民案、超国家的罪行;以 及 战争 罪 、 灭绝种 族罪和危害人类罪的辩护经验。 daccess-ods.un.org | For example, this may include experience in the following areas: the defence of those charged with serious and complex crimes at the domestic level, such as terrorism, homicide, manslaughter, trafficking and [...] complex white-collar [...] crimes; the defence of cases with international dimensions, such as those involving international judicial assistance, complex immigration issues or supranational crime; and the defence of those charged with war crimes, genocide [...]and crimes against humanity. daccess-ods.un.org |
这种立法为以下任何罪行或罪行组合规定了普遍管辖权: (a) 严重违反日内瓦四公约及其《第一附加议定书》的行为(主要是英联邦成员 国);(b) 1954 年《海牙公约》《第二号议定书》和《 保 护 所 有 人免遭强迫失踪国 际公约》特别规定的犯罪(例如塞浦路斯、日本和荷兰);(c) 没有条约规定普遍 管辖权的其他违反国际人道主义法行 为,如在非国际武装冲突中实施 的 战争罪 ( 比利时、加拿大、新西兰和菲律宾)以及违反禁止或管制使用某种武器的行为(南 非);(d) 《罗马规约》第 8 条所列的战争罪(比利时、加拿大、德国、新西兰和 联合王国)。 daccess-ods.un.org | This legislation provides for universal jurisdiction over any or a combination of the following: (a) grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocol I thereto (primarily States members of the Commonwealth); (b) crimes specified under the Second Protocol to the 1954 Hague Convention [...] and the [...] International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance (for example, Cyprus, Japan and the Netherlands); (c) other violations of international humanitarian law where no treaty requires universal jurisdiction, such as war crimes committed in non-international [...]armed [...]conflict (Belgium, Canada, New Zealand and the Philippines) and violations of treaties that either prohibit or regulate the use of certain weapons (South Africa); (d) the war crimes list contained in article 8 of the Rome Statute (Belgium, Canada, Germany, New Zealand and the United Kingdom). daccess-ods.un.org |
在这方面,各位部长呼吁联合国会员国全面遵守国际人道主 义 法 的 各 项规 定,特别是1949年8月12日《日内瓦公约》关于 保 护战争 受 害者的规定,以保护 和援助被占领土的平民,同时敦促国际社会和联合国系统相关组织加强给予外 国占领下的平民的人道主义援助和其他援助。 daccess-ods.un.org | The Ministers call upon UN Member States, in this regard, to comply fully with the provisions [...] of the international [...] humanitarian law, in particular as provided in the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 for the protection of victims of war, in order to protect [...]and assist civilians in occupied [...]territories, and urges the international community and the relevant organizations of the United Nations system to strengthen humanitarian and other assistance to civilians under foreign occupation. daccess-ods.un.org |
该法律也禁止制作、 复制、存储、展示、美化或传播旨在煽动、鼓励或散布仇恨或反对公民自由隶属 的不容忍、种族、民族或宗教仇恨或不容忍或者宣传或维护新纳粹 和 法 西 斯 的思 想和组织或以某种其他方式危害公共秩序的宣传材料、符号或节目,禁止制作、 复制、储存、展示或传播或以任何其他形式使用有助于宣传或 维 护 被 判犯 下 战争 罪的人的思想、活动或行动的符号。 daccess-ods.un.org | The law also prohibits the production, copying, storage, presentation, glorification or dissemination of promotional material, symbols or features which incite, encourage or spread hatred or intolerance against free affiliations of citizens, racial, national or religious hatred or intolerance, [...] propagate or justify neo-Nazi [...] and fascist ideas and organizations or jeopardize the public order in some other way, as well as the production, copying, storage, presentation or dissemination or any other form of using symbols promoting or justifying the ideas, activities or actions of persons convicted of war crimes. daccess-ods.un.org |
应当注意的是,根据安全理事会第 808 号 决议第 2 段编写的联合国秘书长的报告(联合 国 S/25704 号文件,1993 年 5 月 3 日,第 35 段,第 9 [...] 页)指出,“列入国际人道主义协约 [...] 法的下述公约体现了适用于武装冲突的法律, 并完全成为国际习惯法的一部分:1949 年 8 月 12 日《保护战争受害 者各项日内瓦公约》; 《陆战法规和 惯例》(1907 年 10 月 18 日海牙 第四公约)和《公约附件陆战法规和惯例章 程》;1948 [...]年 12 月 9 日《防止及惩治灭绝种 族罪公约》和《国际军事法庭宪章》 [省去脚 [...]注参考—— 教科文组织秘书处]。 unesdoc.unesco.org | It should be noted that the Report of the United Nations Secretary-General pursuant to paragraph 2 of Security Council resolution 808 (United Nations document S/25704, 3 May 1993, para. 35, p. 9) stated that “[T]he part of conventional international humanitarian law which has beyond doubt become part of international customary law is the law applicable in armed conflict as embodied in: the Geneva [...] Conventions of 12 [...] August 1949 for the Protection of War Victims; the Hague Convention (IV) Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and [...]the Regulations annexed [...]thereto of 18 October 1907; the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide of 9 December 1948; and the Charter of the International Military Tribunal of 8 August 1945” [reference to footnotes omitted – the UNESCO Secretariat]. unesdoc.unesco.org |
特别报告员在第三章中详细说明了印度人权 维 护 者 目 前在开展 合 法 活 动 时所 面临的挑战,包括争取经济、社会和文化权利的人权 维 护 者 、 受安全立法和军事 化影响的人权维护者、知情权活动分子、记者、女性人权维护者和争取妇女与儿 童权利的人权维护者、争取边缘化群体权利的人权维护者、争取宗教少数群体权 利的人权维护者、追究对族裔屠杀的责任的人权维护者、以及检测边界地区的侵 [...] 犯人权行为的人权维护者所面临的挑战。 daccess-ods.un.org | In chapter III, the Special [...] Rapporteur details the current challenges faced by human rights defenders in India in their legitimate activities, including by defenders working on economic, [...]social and cultural [...]rights; defenders affected by security legislations and militarization; right to information activists; journalists; women defenders and defenders working on women and child rights; defenders working for the rights of marginalized people; defenders working for religious minorities; defenders seeking accountability for communal pogroms; and defenders monitoring violations on border areas. daccess-ods.un.org |
然而,一些人认为,如果看一下在民防部队案(使用正 义 战争 必 要性 辩 护 的案 件)的判决和量刑中塞拉利昂法官的反对意见,就会发现在塞拉利昂问题特别法庭 中纳入塞拉利昂法官产生了利弊参半的结果。 daccess-ods.un.org | It has, however, been argued by some that [...] including Sierra Leonean judges in the Special Court is a mixed bag, if one looks at the Sierra Leonean [...]judges’ dissenting opinions in [...]the judgments and sentences in the CDF case — the case of those using a just war necessity defence. daccess-ods.un.org |
这么看来,为在战时保护无辜 平民起见, 战争法和国 际人权法需要肯定每一个非战斗平民成为难民的权利,或和至少有权 寻求这样一种地位,特别是在不具备选择做境内难民的条件的情况下。 daccess-ods.un.org | It would [...] seem that the law of war and international human rights law, for the sake of the protection of civilian innocence in wartime situations, [...]needs to affirm the right [...]of every non-combatant civilian to become a refugee, or at least to have the right to seek such a status, especially if the conditions for an internal refugee option are not present. daccess-ods.un.org |
以色列就其自身而言,将继续参加这一至关重要 的辩论并分享自己的经验,作为它致力于确保在敌对 行动和战争期间保护平民 的努力的一部分和它致力 于实行法治的努力的一部分。 daccess-ods.un.org | Israel, for its part, will continue to engage in this critical debate and share its experience as part [...] of its commitment to [...] ensuring the protection of civilians amid hostilities and warfare and as part of its commitment to the rule of law. daccess-ods.un.org |
1994 年 7 月,该国又颁布了《应用 战争法处理 具体案件指南》,其中提到了《轰 击规则:军事目标、受保护的设 施和物体》以 及《关于文化和宗教财产的轰击规则》。 unesdoc.unesco.org | In July 1994 the “Guide to the Settlement [...] of Specific Cases in the [...] Application of the Laws of Warfare” was issued covering, among other things, the following: “Rules of Bombardment: Military Targets and Objectives, Protected Facilities and [...]Objects”, and “Rules [...]of Bombardment regarding Cultural and Religious Property”. unesdoc.unesco.org |
秘书处一位成员出席了国际军事法和 战争 法学会 于 2000 年 10 月 27 日在布鲁塞尔(比 利时)组织的保护文化财产和文化财产 保 护法 演变研究日。 unesdoc.unesco.org | A member of the Secretariat participated in the Study Day on the Protection of Cultural [...] Property and [...] the Evolution of the Cultural Property Protection Law, organized by the International Society for Military Law and the Law of War, which took place in [...]Brussels (Belgium) on 27 October 2000. unesdoc.unesco.org |
例如,以授 权这类 公司保 护战争法规定为合 法军事目标的资产 ,各国实际上 保 证 私营军事和保安公司参 与 战斗。 daccess-ods.un.org | For example, by tasking such [...] companies with protecting assets that are lawful military targets under the law of war, States virtually [...]ensure that private [...]military and security companies will engage in combat. daccess-ods.un.org |
在从结构方面预防冲突和 建设和平文化范围内编写了《非洲法 语 国 家应用的历史教材一览:中小学教育实例》这份材 料提出了解除非洲历史教学武装的工作思路,做到课程设置进一步强调会聚融合的历史因素 而非战争事实。 unesdoc.unesco.org | Drawn up in the context of the structural prevention of conflicts and the construction of a culture of peace, the critical [...] inventory of history [...] textbooks in use in French-speaking Africa: primary and secondary education offers pointers for disarming the teaching of history in Africa so that curricula place more emphasis on historical factors of convergence than on acts of war. unesdoc.unesco.org |
大会在同一决议第五节第 11 段中请秘书长寻求更加有效的战略,及时填补 所有工作地点现有和未来的语文员额空缺,表示注意到秘书长关于会议时地分配 办法的报 告(A/63/119 和 Corr.1)第 92 段,又请秘书长尽早举行该段提及的语文 工作人员竞争性征 聘考试和 2009 年后的其他考试,以便及时填补所有工作地点 现有和未来的语文员额空缺,并向大会第六十四届会议通报这方面的努力。 daccess-ods.un.org | In section V, paragraph 11, of the same resolution, the General Assembly requested the [...] Secretary-General to seek a more [...] effective strategy to fill current and future language post vacancies at all duty stations in a timely manner, took note of paragraph 92 of the report of the Secretary-General on the pattern of conferences (A/63/119 and Corr.1), and also requested the Secretary-General to hold the competitive examinations for [...]the recruitment of language [...]staff referred to in that paragraph, as well as other examinations beyond 2009, well in advance so as to fill current and future language post vacancies at all duty stations in a timely manner, and to inform the Assembly at its sixty-fourth session of efforts in that regard. daccess-ods.un.org |
德意志联邦共和国:对确认适用的国际法以及这些规定的建议表示欢迎,这些规定当 时已被认为是源自 1907 年海牙公约(IV)“陆战法规和 惯例公约”附件 第 46 (2) 和 56 (2) 条 所载的保护概念 ,后来这些规定又在 1954 年《关于在武装冲突情况下保护文化财产的公 [...] 约》(第一项)议定书中得到了更具体的阐述。 unesdoc.unesco.org | Federal Republic of Germany: welcomes the confirmation of applicable international law and this recommendation of provisions which at the time were already regarded as deriving from the concept of protection contained in Article 46 (2) and [...] Article 56 (2) of the [...] Annex to the Hague Convention (IV) Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land of 1907 and which were [...]later dealt with more [...]specifically in the 1954 (First) Protocol to the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict. unesdoc.unesco.org |
安全理事会将通过的关于停止对加沙的侵略和 战争的决议必须重申,必须在真正和有效的国际监 督下继续推动政治进程,以确保将在 1967 年边界内 建立以圣城为首都的独立巴勒斯坦国,根据 1948 年大会第 194(III)号决议找到巴勒斯坦难民问题 的公正和商定解决办法,并 释放所有被关押者和囚 犯。 daccess-ods.un.org | The resolution to be adopted by the Security [...] Council on the cessation of [...] aggression and war against Gaza must reiterate the need for the political process to continue under genuine and effective international supervision in order to ensure that an independent Palestinian State will be created within the 1967 borders and with Al-Quds Al-Sharif as its capital; that a just and agreed solution will be found to the issue of Palestinian refugees in accordance with [...]General Assembly resolution [...]194 (III) of 1948; and that all detainees and prisoners will be released. daccess-ods.un.org |
德国指出,早在 1964 年,联邦国防部就 颁布了第 15/9 号普通兵役条例:《国际战争 法》——教室准则(第 6 部分)——武装冲突 情况下的文化财产保护工作(教学资料),下 至单位一级的人员都可以在德国武装部队各培 训机构领取这些资料。 unesdoc.unesco.org | Germany points out that as early as 1964, the Federal Minister of Defence issued Zentrale Dienstvorschrift (General Service Regulation) [...] 15/9 “Kriegsvölkerrecht – Leitfaden für den Unterricht (Teil 6) – Der Schutz von Kulturgut bei bewaffneten [...] Konflikten (Lehrschrift)” (International Law of War – Classroom Guidelines (Part 6) – The Protection of Cultural Property in the Event [...]of Armed Conflict [...](instructional material) which was available right down to unit level and at the German Armed Forces training facilities. unesdoc.unesco.org |
国 际 人道主义法——特别 是1949 年关于保护战争受害者的四项日内瓦公约及其 1977 年的两项附加议定书 ——是与武装冲突期间保护妇女和女童问题最相关的法律领域。 un.org | International humanitarian law, in particular the four Geneva Conventions of 1949 for the protection of victims of war and their two [...] Additional Protocols of [...]1977, is the area of law of primary relevance to the protection of women and girls during armed conflict. un.org |
国家 一级的成果包括在学校进行地雷/战争遗留爆炸物风险教育、设立伤害监测系统、 提供政策支持和呼吁保护地雷/战争遗 留 爆炸物受害者和其他残疾人的权利,这 [...] 些活动都以儿童为重点。 daccess-ods.un.org | Results at the country level included the introduction of mine/explosive remnants of war risk education in schools, the development of injury surveillance systems, and policy support and advocacy [...] for the rights of victims of [...] landmines/explosive remnants of war and other persons with [...]disabilities, with a focus on children. daccess-ods.un.org |
在审查自 2005 年以来执行信息社会世界首脑会议成果的进展情况时,与会 [...] 者指出,私营部门在促进信通技术发展和建立信通技术基础设施方面所发挥的重 要作用得到了下列方面的支持:政府所创建并由独立监管机构监管的有利环境; 尊重法治;保护和强制执行知识产权; 保 护 竞 争 的 法 律 、 政策和监管框架;独立 的法院;以及促进创业精神的政策。 daccess-ods.un.org | In reviewing the progress of World Summit on the Information Society implementation since 2005, participants observed that the important role that the private sector plays in driving ICT development and in building ICT infrastructure was supported by an enabling environment, created by Governments, with independent [...] regulators; respect for the [...] rule of law; protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights; pro-competitive legal, policy [...]and regulatory frameworks; [...]independent courts; and policies that promote entrepreneurship. daccess-ods.un.org |
这些问题包括:授权性立法;信息共 享、数据保护和保密;组织问题;单一窗口设施运营人的赔偿责任; 竞 争法; 电子单证的使用;知识产权;数据保留和重新使用数据的限制,包括用于作证 目的;电子签名和数字签名的相互承认(包括通过身份管理系统);以及货物权 利的电子转移。 daccess-ods.un.org | Those issues included: enabling [...] legislation; information [...] sharing, data protection and confidentiality; organizational issues; liability of single window facility operators; competition law; use of electronic [...]documents; intellectual [...]property rights; data retention and limits on re-use of data, including for evidentiary purposes; mutual recognition of electronic and digital signatures (including through identity management systems); and electronic transfer of rights in goods. daccess-ods.un.org |
多年来授权联刚特派团的任务有几项正在进行之中,其中包括: 保 护 平 民; 监测、保护和促 进人权;制定过渡时期 司 法战 略 ; 便利人道主义援助的送达;执 行复员遣返方案和支持政府的复员方案进程;协调安全部门改革方面的国际努 力;协调和执行排雷行动的各项活动;支持建设国家机构能力,包括刚果(金)武 装力量和警力,并支持加强司法和惩戒系统;加强民主机构和法治;以及处理非 [...] 法开采自然资源问题。 daccess-ods.un.org | Several of the tasks mandated to MONUC over the [...] years are ongoing, [...] including the protection of civilians; the monitoring, protection and promotion of human rights; the development of a transitional justice strategy; facilitation [...]of the delivery of humanitarian [...]assistance; implementation of disarmament, demobilization, repatriation, resettlement or reintegration and support to the Government’s disarmament, demobilization and reintegration processes; coordination of international efforts in security sector reform; coordination and implementation of mine action activities; supporting the building of the capacity of national institutions, including FARDC, police capacities and strengthening the judicial and correctional systems; strengthening democratic institutions and the rule of law; and addressing the illegal exploitation of natural resources. daccess-ods.un.org |
罗马尼亚认为,应该特别关注非对称战争以及与私营军事公司有关的问题 (例如遵守国际人道主义法、人权法、 战争 惯 例、交战规则和冲突后局势)对国际 人道主义法产生的挑战。 daccess-ods.un.org | Romania considers that particular attention should be paid to the challenges posed to [...] international humanitarian law [...] by asymmetric warfare and by the issues related to private military companies such as compliance with international humanitarian law, human rights law, customs [...]of war, rules of engagement and post-conflict situations. daccess-ods.un.org |
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