| 单词 | 基因 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 | 基因 noun —gene nless common: genome n • genomic n • genetics pl 基因 noun, plural —genomics pl基因 adjective —genetic adj基因 —gene (loanword)Examples:基因改造—genetic modification (GM) 等位基因—allele (one of two paired gene in diploid organism) 基因修改—genetic modification
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在某些情 [...] 况下，专门化的和特定行业的能力使得人们可以利用信通技术支 持 基因 测 序、组 织取样以及材料科学和化学方面日益增长的技术。 daccess-ods.un.org | In some cases, specialized and [...] industry-specific capabilities are enabling the use of [...] ICTs to support gene sequencing, tissue [...]sampling, and a growing array of techniques [...]in materials sciences and chemistry. daccess-ods.un.org |
丙烯酰胺會毒害人體的基因，因而 可能 在 基因 和 染色體方面造成遺 傳性的損害。 cfs.gov.hk | Acrylamide is genotoxic in vivo, therefore acrylamide has the potential [...] to induce heritable damage at gene and chromosome level. cfs.gov.hk |
一位業界代表問，國際間對推行基因 改 造 食物標籤制度的態度。 cfs.gov.hk | One trade representative enquired the international approach on implementing the labelling system on GM food. cfs.gov.hk |
一些代表 团强调，需要对应用转基因食品的方法提供技术指导，特别是对发展中国家，另外还需 [...] 要在国际上加强协调，防止出现贸易壁垒。 codexalimentarius.org | Several delegations stressed the need for technical guidance on [...] methodology applying to GM foods, and especially [...]for developing countries, and the need [...]to facilitate harmonisation at the international level to prevent barriers to trade. codexalimentarius.org |
2008-2009 年，这些行动所用的资金十分有限，主要用于可行性研究，编制项目建议或选定的试 [...] 点活动，包括以色列全国委员会建议在雷霍沃特魏兹曼科学研究所设立一个国际生物技术 （基因技术 、蛋白质技术和生物信息技术）中心，在第比利斯（格鲁吉亚）建立一个高加索 [...] 生物技术研究所，国际联合核研究所（JINR）基准中心开展的发展中国家青年研究者培训活 [...] 动，俄罗斯联邦关于教科文组织卫星科教项目的初步建议，埃塞俄比亚和其他会员国提出的 2011 年国际化学年建议以及成立教科文组织教席国际基础科学计划多国基金会。 unesdoc.unesco.org | In 20082009, these initiatives entailed very limited financial implications, principally for feasibility studies, the preparation of project proposals or selected pilot activities, [...] including for the creation of a [...] international Biomics (genomics, proteomics [...]and bioinformatics) centre at the Weizmann [...]Institute of Science in Rehovot proposed by the Israeli National Commission; the establishment in Tbilisi (Georgia) of a Caucasian Institute of Biotechnology; the development of the activity of the International JINR Benchmark Centre for training of young researchers from developing countries; the preliminary proposal by the Russian Federation for a UNESCO satellite science education project; the International Year of Chemistry in 2011 proposed by Ethiopia and other Member States; and the foundation of the IBSP cluster of UNESCO Chairs. unesdoc.unesco.org |
对于生物技术植物，“相关方”可能包括监管当局、种植者 以及价值链中可能会因转基因植物的开发和商品化产生业务利益影响 [...] 的其他各方。 excellencethrou...stewardship.org | In the case of biotechnology-derived plants, “interested parties” may include regulators, growers, and other members of [...] the value chain whose business interests may be affected by the development and [...] commercialization of transgenic plants. excellencethrou...stewardship.org |
由於消費者對基 因改造 食品抱有懷疑，加上丹麥國會大部分議員均反對採用生物科 技，以致政府難以在這方面採取更為主動的姿態。 legco.gov.hk | Consumer scepticism about GM products, combined with opposition to biotechnology by a majority of the members of the Danish Parliament, makes it difficult for the government to take a more proactive position. legco.gov.hk |
解读和编写基因密码 的能力并 不是新的，但确实这些领域在过去五年中发生了巨大的变化。 daccess-ods.un.org | Capabilities to [...] read and write genetic code are not new [...]but capabilities in these areas have changed dramatically over the past five years. daccess-ods.un.org |
现存的大多数物种， 特别是由公共培育计划培育出的品种包含 的 基因 材 料 来源广泛，通常来 自 基因 库 的 基因材 料，而它们本身也有多样化的起源。 iprcommission.org | Most varieties now in existence, in particular those derived from public breeding programmes, contain genetic material from many sources, often derived from genetic material in gene banks, which themselves may have diverse origins. iprcommission.org |
在封闭的环境中利用转基因微生物法》调节在封闭的环境中安全利用转 基因微生 物事宜，目的是保护工人的健康和环境。 daccess-ods.un.org | The Use in Closed [...] Environment of Genetically Modified Micro-organisms Act regulates the safe use of genetically modified microorganisms [...]in a closed [...]environment with the aim to protect the health of workers and the environment. daccess-ods.un.org |
现在，如果某个研 究者分离出某个基因并由于诸如该 基因 对 某 种疾病的诊断用途而被授予专利权，依靠专利 申请中的准确描述以及当地法律对该专利的解释，她就或许能够宣布拥有对 该 基因 所 有用 途的权利，包括那些尚未发现的用途。 iprcommission.org | At present, if a researcher isolates a gene and is granted a patent, for [...] example, for the use [...] of that gene as a diagnostic for a particular disease, depending upon the precise wording of the claim and the approach that the local law takes to interpretation of the patent, she may be able to assert rights over all uses of that gene, including those [...]as yet undiscovered. iprcommission.org |
不過，該規例並無限制附加更詳盡的標籤，以便告訴消費者，除歐盟 [...] 法例的規定外，已採取具體措施，嚴格避免在一些食品或飼料中攙雜 或使用基因改造生物。 legco.gov.hk | However, it does not forbid additional labelling practices that aim to inform consumers that, in addition to what is prescribed by the EU [...] legislation, specific measures have been taken to strictly exclude the [...] presence or the use of GMO in some food or [...]feed products. legco.gov.hk |
一些有毒物质会导致基因缺陷，而一 些基 因缺陷又可以遗传给下一代。 hesperian.org | Some toxics can cause genetic damage, and some genetic defects can be passed to offspring. hesperian.org |
项目涵 盖有毒物质、微量元素，以及它们对环境和公众健康影响问题之间的关系；综合生物学及生 态学的复杂性；拉丁美洲在生物物理学方面的能力建设问题；数学教育的标准和目标方面的 [...] 国际观点；提高妇女在物理学领域的作用；实现共享科学信息的电子手段；气象预报； 转基 因农产 品；以及在地球系统科学内建立新型海洋研究框架。 unesdoc.unesco.org | They cover the relationship between toxic metals, trace elements and their impact on environmental and public health issues; integrative biology and ecological complexity; Latin American capacity-building in biophysics; an international perspective on standards and goals for mathematics education; the promotion of women’s role in physics; an electronic way [...] of sharing scientific information; [...] weather forecasting; genetically modified crops; [...]and establishment of a new framework for [...]ocean research in the earth system science. unesdoc.unesco.org |
除了控制细菌细胞的基因组的 化学合成( 克莱格·温特尔人工生命) ，其他方 法包括：通过在酵母中制作新陈代谢途径生产抗疟疾药物的前体；合成哺乳动物 基因电路 揭示抗结核化合物；广泛存在的生物计算的展示；以及制作大肠杆菌以 探测和杀死人体内病原体。 daccess-ods.un.org | In addition to the chemical [...] synthesis of a genome able to control a bacterial cell (Craig Venter’s artificial life) other important stepping stones include: the engineering of the metabolic pathway in yeast to produce the precursor of an anti-malarial drug; the creation of a synthetic mammalian gene circuit that revealed [...]anti-tuberculosis [...]compounds; a demonstration of distributed biological computation; and the engineering of an E. coli to sense and kill a human pathogen. daccess-ods.un.org |
此外，应制定公平的惠益分享制 度，包括建立要求披露基因资源 来源的法律制度，以防止将传统知识列为专利的 [...] 企图，并遏制“生物剽窃行为”。 daccess-ods.un.org | In addition, an equitable benefitsharing regime should be developed, including a [...] legal system that would require the disclosure of [...] the sources of genetic resources in order [...]to prevent attempts to patent traditional [...]knowledge and curb “biopiracy”. daccess-ods.un.org |
我们排斥技术修复方式，例如转基因 食 品、地球 工程、产业化集约农业，以及清洁发展机制和碳信用额等市场机制，这些机制允许 [...] 发达国家继续以牺牲穷人的利益为代价来经营各项业务。 fao.org | We reject [...] techno-fixes like genetically engineered food [...]and geo-engineering, intensive industrial agriculture and market-based [...]mechanisms like the Clean Development Mechanisms (CDMs) and carbon credits that allow the developed countries to continue business as usual at the expense of the poor. fao.org |
已 围绕下列假设做过研究：(a) 细胞和组织对低剂量辐射的适应性可使它们对癌症 [...] 的发展更具抵抗力（适应性反应）；(b) 辐射对免疫系统的影响——免疫系统负责 识别并摧毁异常细胞——可影响癌症发展的可能性；以及(c) 辐射可产生变化， 从而对细胞 DNA 的稳定产生持久的、可传递的影响（ 基因 组 不稳定性），并且（或 者）激发从受损细胞向未受损的邻界细胞传送信号（旁观者效应） ； 基因 不 稳 定 和旁观者效应被认为是改变辐射相关癌症风险的可能因素。 daccess-ods.un.org | There have been studies relating to the following hypotheses: (a) that adaptation of cells and tissues to low doses of radiation might cause them to become more resistant to cancer development (adaptive response); (b) that the effects of radiation on the immune systems, which recognize and destroy abnormal cells, could influence the likelihood of cancer development; and (c) that radiation can produce changes that create long-lasting and transmissible [...] effects on the stability of [...] cellular DNA (genomic instability) and/or trigger the transfer of signals from damaged cells to their undamaged neighbours (bystander effects); both genomic instability and [...]bystander effects have [...]been suggested as possible factors that modify radiation-associated cancer risk. daccess-ods.un.org |
与转基因有关的过敏问题第一次引起大规模争论是在1996年，那时研究人员显示，在从巴西坚果向大豆转移一个主要过敏原的过程中，同样也转移了它引发国民的能力，它能够在本来对巴西坚果过敏的个体中引发过敏反应。 scidev.net | The issue of GM-related allergies flared up for the first time in 1996, when researchers showed transfer of a major allergen from Brazil nut into soybeans also transferred its ability to trigger allergic reactions in individuals with pre-existing Brazil nut allergies. scidev.net |
例如，使用相同或不同的 构建质粒对同一植物物种的两个不同品系进行 转 基因 会 产 生两个 转 基因 品 系。 excellencethrou...stewardship.org | For example, two lines of the same plant species transformed with the same or different constructs constitute two events. excellencethrou...stewardship.org |
现有农业技术和方 法包括：具有成本效益的小农灌溉系统；注重雨水 [...] 灌溉农业的耕作方法；集水系统；高品 质 基因 材 料 ； 增值农业生产；向青年传授农业技术；植树造林； [...]防治水土流失；以及改善牧场。 daccess-ods.un.org | Existing agricultural technologies and techniques included cost-effective smallholder irrigation systems, production practices that emphasized [...] rain-fed agriculture, water harvesting [...] systems, high-quality genetic materials, value-added [...]agricultural production, agro-technological [...]awareness among young people, forestation, prevention of soil erosion and improvements to pastures. daccess-ods.un.org |
在社会科学和人文科学科制定生物伦理领域标准的行动中，教科文组织通过 了三项宣言——《世界人类基因组与 人权宣言》(1997 年)、《世界人类遗传数据 宣言》(2003 年)和《世界生物伦理与人权宣言》(2005 年)，其中广泛涉及不歧 视问题。 daccess-ods.un.org | Within its standard-setting action in the field of bioethics carried out by the Social and Human Sciences Sector, UNESCO has adopted three Declarations — the Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights (1997), the International Declaration on Human Genetic Data (2003) and the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights (2005) — in which the issue of non-discrimination is extensively addressed. daccess-ods.un.org |
利用马拉韦罗治疗经验临床试验计划登记患者的筛选样本，回顾性分析得出结论：在使用H IV V3基因定型 分析和Trofile(TM)（原先在临床试验计划中使用的重组细胞表型试验）进行检测的患者之间，艾滋病毒水平的变化以及获得无法检测的病毒载量的患者百分比很接近，表明两种检测方法在确定经马拉韦罗（maraviroc）治疗后有起色的患者方面具有类似的精确性。 tipschina.gov.cn | Using screening samples from patients enrolled in the maraviroc treatment-experienced clinical trial program, results of this retrospective analysis showed that changes in HIV viral levels and the percentage of patients who achieved undetectable viral loads were comparable between those patients tested with HIV V3 Genotyping and Trofile(TM) (the recombinant-phenotypic assay originally used in the clinical trial program), indicating comparable accuracy of both tests at identifying treatment-experienced patients that will respond to treatment with maraviroc. tipschina.gov.cn |
许多代表团的意见是，生物技术食品是法典委员会工作的重中之重，在国家一级， [...] 对许多国家来说极为重要，而且还认为检测和认证 转 基因 材 料 非常重要，以确保食品安 全和解决消费者关注的问题。 codexalimentarius.org | Many delegations expressed the view that foods derived from biotechnology were a high priority for Codex and of great importance to many countries at the national [...] level, and that the detection and [...] identification of genetically modified material was [...]essential in order to ensure food [...]safety and to address consumer concerns. codexalimentarius.org |
用于司法调查的基因图谱 国家数据库采取了为保障下述方面所需的所有保 障措施：信息和记录保密；对信息储存、查阅和使用作出限制；按现行法律控制 样本保管链；按类别分列数据，即对每个经处理的样本指定特有代码并输入数据 库；只有为鉴定身分才能使用从样本中获得 的 基因 信 息 ；只有主管当局才能答复 询问；按现行法律以充分遵守基本权利和适当程序的方式、并在获得符合规范对 人体进行研究的生物伦理条例的知情同意后才能进行采样工作。 daccess-ods.un.org | The national database of genetic profiles for use in judicial investigations has all of the safeguards required to guarantee the following: the information and records are confidential; storage, access and use are restricted; the chain of custody of the samples is controlled in accordance with the legislation currently in force; data are disaggregated, meaning that unique codes are assigned to each processed sample and entered into the database; the genetic information obtained [...] from the samples is used only for identification purposes; [...]queries are answered only by the competent authorities; and sample collection is carried out in full compliance with fundamental rights and due process as per the legislation currently in force, with informed consent consistent with bioethics regulations governing studies carried out on human beings. daccess-ods.un.org |
参加技术小组委员会的伊拉克代表团告诉协调员，虽然伊拉克的专用设备短 [...] 缺仍是一个严重的问题，但是伊拉克 在 基因 提 取和 DNA 图谱绘制方面已增加了一 [...]定的经验。 daccess-ods.un.org | The Iraqi delegation to the Technical Subcommittee informed the Coordinator [...] that Iraq had acquired certain additional [...] experience in genetic extraction and [...]DNA profiling, although a shortage of specialized [...]equipment remained an acute problem. daccess-ods.un.org |
(b) 确保将按照《公约》及其《名古屋议定书》维护生物多样性和利用其各 [...] 组成部分的可持续性做法，包括与遗 传 基因 有 关的传统知识，切实纳入国家政策、 [...] 立法和行政措施的制定工作和国际合作，以防止任何滥用、挪用或不当开采这些 资源的行为 daccess-ods.un.org | (b) To ensure an effective integration of sustainable practices for the conservation of biological diversity and the use of its [...] components, including traditional knowledge [...] associated with genetic resources, in [...]accordance with the Convention and its Nagoya [...]Protocol, in the formulation of national policies, legislation, administrative measures and international cooperation to prevent any misuse, misappropriation or improper exploitation of those resources daccess-ods.un.org |
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