| 单词 | 培育者 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 | 培育者 noun —breeder nSee also:培育 v—nurture v • form v • cultivate v 培育—train • breed
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专利权或植物培育权通常会强行限制农民出售所收获的种子（有时也包括再使用这 些种子），因此增强了培育者的种 子市场。 iprcommission.org | Patents or PBRs normally impose restrictions on farmers’ ability to sell grown seed (and in some cases to reuse it) and thus enhance the market for the breeder’s seed. iprcommission.org |
如果对植物品种进行保护是为了激励 培育者 ， 那 么出现的一个问就是，应如何认识和保护 [...] 农民对植物基因资源的保存和发展所做的贡献。 iprcommission.org | If the aim of plant variety protection is to provide [...] incentives to breeders, one of the questions [...]that arises is how the contribution [...]of farmers to the conservation and development of plant genetic resources should be recognised and preserved. iprcommission.org |
目前培育者的权利除针对被宣传 或被收获原料的销售外，已经扩展至生产或再生产（第 14〈1〉款）。 iprcommission.org | The right of the breeder now extends to production or reproduction, in addition to the marketing of propagated or harvested material (Article 14 (1)). iprcommission.org |
1978 年法案》允许培育者将受 保护的品种用作新品种的开发来源，而后新品种可以受 [...] 到保护并自行上市销售。 iprcommission.org | The 1978 Act allowed breeders to use protected [...] varieties as a source for new varieties, which could then be protected and marketed themselves. iprcommission.org |
例如稻米在印度的产值超过美国的玉米市场，成为国家或国际公共机构 的 培育者 的 农 作物 之一（主要是国际农业研究咨询团体）。 iprcommission.org | For instance rice, where the value of production in India alone exceeds that [...] of the US maize market, has hitherto [...] been a crop where breeding has been the preserve [...]of the national or international [...]public sector (principally the CGIAR). iprcommission.org |
专利权是知识产权保护的最强形式，因为它通常允许专利权所有人通过限 [...] 制农民对其所种植种子的销售和再利用权利、限制其 它 培育者 将 其种子（或受专利保护的 中间技术）用于进一步的研究和培育目的来行使最大程度的控制。 iprcommission.org | Patents are the strongest form of intellectual property protection in the sense that they normally allow the rightsholder to exert the greatest control over the use of patented material by limiting the rights of [...] farmers to sell, or reuse seed they have [...] grown, or other breeders to use the seed [...](or patented intermediate technologies) [...]for further research and breeding purposes. iprcommission.org |
植物培育者和世 界各国通过农民对 植物基因资源的保持和发展获得巨大利益，但是农民却没有因其作出的贡献而获得经济回 报。 iprcommission.org | Plant breeders and the world at large benefit from the conservation and development [...] of plant genetic resources undertaken [...]by farmers, but farmers are not recompensed for the economic value they have contributed. iprcommission.org |
该保护机制的形成反映了私人植物 培育者在保 护知识产权方面增长的权益。 iprcommission.org | That such systems came into being reflected the growing [...] interest of private breeders in protecting [...]their intellectual property. iprcommission.org |
农民按照传统习惯年复一年地重新种植、交换和 [...] 出售前一年的种子，这意味着在这种反复出售的过程中 ， 培育者 是 难 以收回改良品种的投 资的。 iprcommission.org | Farmers have traditionally replanted, exchanged or [...] sold seed from the previous years’ crop [...] which means that breeders have difficulty [...]in recouping the investments made in improved [...]varieties through repeat sales. iprcommission.org |
农民的权利虽然不是知识产权，但它们对植 物 培育者 通 过正式的植物品种保护制度或专利 权所获权利起到了重要的平衡作用。 iprcommission.org | Farmers’ Rights are not an intellectual property right, but they need [...] to be viewed as an important counterbalance to the [...] rights accorded to breeders in the formal [...]sector under PVP or patents. iprcommission.org |
1978 年法案》为培育者提供 了销售种子的生产、销售种子及生产的商业化方面的保护 [...] （第 5〈1〉款），因此该法案默许农民对种子进行再种植和交换（尽管并没有详细说明 该项权利）。 iprcommission.org | The 1978 [...] Act provided the breeder with protection [...]in respect of production for the sale of seed, its offer for sale and [...]its commercialisation(Article 5 (1)) and it therefore implicitly allowed farmers to replant and exchange the seed (although this right is not spelt out). iprcommission.org |
该联盟公约旨在根据一套统一而明确的原则，通过授予植物新品 种 培育者 专 利 权，确保 该联盟成员国承认他们所取得的成就。 iprcommission.org | The purpose of the UPOV Convention is to ensure that [...] the member States of [...] the Union acknowledge the achievements of breeders of new plant varieties, by making available [...]to them exclusive [...]property right, on the basis of a set of uniform and clearly defined principles. iprcommission.org |
1991 年法案》虽然保留了培育者例外条款，但他们的权利已 扩展到“基本衍生”于受保护品种的各种品种，后者未经原品种专利权所有人允许不得 [...] 上市销售。 iprcommission.org | The 1991 Act [...] has preserved the breeders’ exception, but [...]the right of the breeder extends to varieties which are “essentially [...]derived” from the protected variety, which cannot be marketed without the permission of the holder of the original variety. iprcommission.org |
应支持农民，认可他们保存基因资源的服务带来 [...] 的目前市场体系尚未认可的经济价值，并在某种程度上受技术变革和植 物 培育者 被 保 护范 围扩大的威胁。 iprcommission.org | Farmers should be supported in recognition of the economic value they conserve, which is not recognised in [...] the market system, and is to some extent threatened by technical change and the [...] extension of plant breeders’ protection. iprcommission.org |
植物品种保护机制规定的培育者例外 条例也与专利法规有所不同 ， 培育者 未 经 准许可以将 某种受保护品种用作培育另一品种的基础（后者可以获取保护）。 iprcommission.org | The breeders’ exception under PVP also differs from patent law in that breeders may, without authorisation, use a protected variety as the basis for breeding another variety (which itself may then gain protection). iprcommission.org |
欧罗巴Europa Grand Cru 的背后，是由从事食品工业的庄园主、酿酒人 、 培育者 以 及传媒专家，这些实力非常强大的股东支持而成。 grandcru.com | Europa Grand Cru is backed by strong shareholders that are from the food industry, château owner and winemakers. grandcru.com |
这种制度也许是使植物品种保护机制适合贫困农民需要的一种制度，但 它对培育者的激励作用较小24 。 iprcommission.org | Such a system might be a way to tailor the PVP system to the needs of poor farmers, but it would [...] offer less incentive for breeders.24 iprcommission.org |
NKI的群组负责人、大量小鼠模型的 培育者 J os Jonkers博士表示：“NKI非常愿意与Taconic合作，向学术和行业研究者广泛供应符合Taconic质量标准的小鼠模型。 tipschina.gov.cn | Dr. Jos Jonkers, group leader at NKI and originator of a number [...] of the models now licensed by Taconic: "NKI is very happy [...]to partner with Taconic in making these models more widely available to academic and industry researchers at the quality level that Taconic can deliver. tipschina.gov.cn |
因此 植物品种保护法规允许培育者保护具有非常相似特性的作物品种，意味着该制度的动力往 往来自对产品区别和计划报废的商业考虑，而不是来自对真正改良农艺特性的考虑。 iprcommission.org | There are requirements for novelty and distinctness, but there is no equivalent of non-obviousness (inventive step) or utility (industrial applicability). iprcommission.org |
随后，在意识到知识产权授予现代植物品 种 培育者 的权 利和农民获得的权利之间存在严重失衡的现象，而农民一直以来负责提供植物基因资 源，培育者的研 究成果莫不源于此，因此“农民的权利”41 这个概念被提交联合国粮农组 织进行讨论。 iprcommission.org | Subsequently, the concept of Farmers’ Rights41 arose in debates in [...] the FAO where it was [...] recognised that there was an imbalance between the IP rights afforded to breeders of modern plant varieties and the rights of farmers who were responsible for supplying the [...]plant genetic resources [...]from which such varieties were mainly derived. iprcommission.org |
非洲保护本土社区、农民和培育者的 权 利、规定生物资源享用权的典型法律》，非洲一体化组织 (Organisation of African Unity)，2000，第 26 款。 iprcommission.org | African Model Legislation for the Protection of the Rights of Local Communities, Farmers and Breeders and for the Regulation of Access to Biological Resources”, Organisation of African Unity, 2000, Article 26. iprcommission.org |
培育者如神职人员、修士、修女、导师，以及培育学术机构和其他培育团体如堂区、学校等，更须迫切地把关注生态环保这课题列入议程，考虑增设这方面的课程和培训；其中生态神学和生态灵修，更应被视为不可或缺的部分，使能全面达致“天地人”的整全合一，以弥补过往祗局限发展天主与人，以及人与人之间的关系。 catholic.org.hk | Formation master such as priests, [...] sisters, catechists, and formation institutions, other formation groups, parishes, schools [...]etc. are urgently requested to include the concern for ecology into their agenda, to consider adding such courses and training in which the theology and spirituality of ecology is regarded as an essential part, so that full integration can be reached between "heaven, earth, and man". catholic.org.hk |
随后联合国粮农组织同意，“将根据保 护植物新物种国际联盟公约规定为‘植 物 培育者 ’ 提供权利......它与国际保证书并不是不 可兼顾的”，这种措辞反映了某些发展中国家对保证书和保护植物新物种国际联盟之间的 基本一致性一直有所怀疑。 iprcommission.org | Subsequently the FAO agreed that “Plant Breeders' Rights, as provided for under UPOV…are not incompatible with the International Undertaking,” a choice of words that reflected the continuing ambivalence felt by some developing countries about the underlying consistency between the Undertaking and UPOV.43 Following the agreement of the CBD in 1992, it was on this basis that the process of transforming the Undertaking into the Treaty (ITPGRFA), finally agreed in 2001, was undertaken.44 The ITPGRFA has the specific objective of facilitating access to plant genetic resources held by contracting parties, and those in international collections, for the common good, recognising that these are an indispensable raw material for crop genetic improvement, and that many countries depend on genetic resources which have originated elsewhere. iprcommission.org |
五年前，牧函提出“任何培育者本身 都必须接受培育”，并进一步提出了一个具体建议：“关于神父、修士、修女的培育，我们希望教区能推出修会与教区的联合培育计划，让全体的神职人员、会士和修女，每两年都有机会分批接受至少为期一周的培育”。 catholic.org.hk | Five years ago, [...] the Pastoral Exhortation proposed that "every promoter of formation also [...]needs to be formed", and put forward [...]a concrete recommendation: "For the formation of priests, brothers and sisters, we hope that the Diocese can draw up a plan for the combined formation of religious and Diocesan personnel, so that in groups, all clergy and religious will have an opportunity, every two years to receive one week's formation. catholic.org.hk |
根据《植物新品种保护法》，(i) 植物新品种的保护对象在法律水平上扩大到所有植物；(ii) 品种保护费的延迟缴纳费在统一适用的２倍的范围内拉开档次，(iii) 追加缴纳期限过后仍可通过保全及缴纳品种保护费，确保恢复品种保护权；(iv) 侵犯品种保护权罪的处罚上调至侵犯专利权的处罚水平等，进一步加强了新品种及 其 培育者 的 权 利保护。 bkl.co.kr | Under the new Act for example (i) the protection of new varieties of plant under the law is expanded to cover all kinds of plant (ii) the amount of variety protection fee payable after being failed to be paid when due is different depending on the period of delayed payment to the extent not exceeding the amount twice as much as the variety protection fee payable (iii) it is possible to recover variety protection right by making up for and paying the variety protection fee even after the expiry of additional payment period and (iv) the punishment for infringing variety protection right becomes severe to the level of punishment for infringing patents. bkl.co.kr |
從業者、培訓計劃、教育者及培訓機構通過官方認可的渠道是什麼？ hkca.org | what would be the mechanisms for official [...] recognition of practitioners, programmes, educators and institutions? hkca.org |
通过关于教育和职业培训机会的海报、 公告及传单、妇女领导者培训、 电视和广播节目、电视剧及其他努力，来提高认 识。 daccess-ods.un.org | Posters, bulletins, leaflets on educational and vocational training opportunities, leadership training [...] for women, television and radio [...]spots, dramas and other efforts have been utilised to increase awareness. daccess-ods.un.org |
一个例子就是莫桑比克的 [...] Geração Biz；该项目利用 7 000 名受过对青年友 好服务培训的同侪教育者和保 健服务提供者为学校和社区中心的 400 多万年轻人 [...]提供服务。 daccess-ods.un.org | An example is Geração Biz in Mozambique, which reaches more than 4 million young [...] people in schools and community centres using [...] 7,000 peer educators and health providers trained on youth-friendly [...]services. daccess-ods.un.org |
优质教育的下列方面受到了重视：支持课程体系的审查 和修订，特别是根据各国的优先工作和阿拉伯世界的需求纳入价值观教育和伦理 教 育 ； “以 学习者为中心”的教育；改 进教学工作，包括能 力 培 养 和教 师 培 训 ； 提高教师地位；制定标 准进行评估；制订关于优质教育的国家标准。 unesdoc.unesco.org | The following elements of quality education were highlighted: focus on assistance in curricula review and revision, [...] particularly the [...] introduction of values education and ethical approaches, in accordance with national priorities and Arab needs; “learner-centred” education; improvement of teaching including capacity-building and teacher training; improvement in [...]the status of teachers; [...]development of benchmarking and assessment; elaboration of national standards regarding quality education. unesdoc.unesco.org |
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