| 单词 | 国际战争罪法庭 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 | 国际战争罪法庭 —International war crimes tribunalSee also:法国法 n—French law n 国际法庭—International court of justice in the Hague
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应当注意的是，根据安全理事会第 808 号 决议第 2 段编写的联合国秘书长的报告（联合 国 S/25704 号文件，1993 年 5 月 3 日，第 35 段，第 9 页）指出，“列入国际人道主义协约 法的下述公约体现了适用于武装冲突的法律， 并完全成为国际习惯法的一部分：1949 年 8 月 12 日《保护战争受害 者各项日内瓦公约》； 《陆战法规和惯例》（1907 年 10 月 18 日海牙 第四公约）和《公约附件陆战法规 和惯例章 程》；1948 年 12 月 9 日《防止及惩治灭绝种 族罪公约》和《国际军事法庭宪章》 [省去脚 注参考—— 教科文组织秘书处]。 unesdoc.unesco.org | It should be noted that the Report of the United Nations Secretary-General pursuant to paragraph 2 of Security Council resolution 808 (United Nations document S/25704, 3 May 1993, para. 35, p. 9) stated that “[T]he part of conventional international humanitarian law which has beyond doubt become part of international customary law is the law applicable in armed conflict as embodied in: the Geneva Conventions of 12 [...] August 1949 for the [...] Protection of War Victims; the Hague Convention (IV) Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and the Regulations annexed thereto of 18 October 1907; the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide of 9 December 1948; and the Charter of the International Military Tribunal of 8 August 1945” [...][reference to footnotes [...]omitted – the UNESCO Secretariat]. unesdoc.unesco.org |
在这方面，有人指出，除了为与豁免本身作斗争作出重要贡献之外，安理会 [...] 设立专门法庭在国家一级也起到促进作用：前南问题国际法庭的存在和工作促使 波斯尼亚黑塞哥维那、克罗地亚和塞尔维亚设 立 国 家 战争罪法庭 ； 卢 旺达问 题国 际法庭 的存在和工作对卢旺达司法系统改革产生相当大的压力。 daccess-ods.un.org | In that context it was pointed out that, in addition to making a crucial contribution to the fight against immunity per se, the Council’s establishment of the ad hoc tribunals also had a galvanizing effect at the national [...] level: the existence and work of ICTY [...] spurred the establishment of national war crimes courts in Bosnia and Herzegovina, [...]Croatia [...]and Serbia; and that of ICTR led to considerable pressure to reform the Rwandan justice system. daccess-ods.un.org |
合作形式如下：向国际法庭提供文件，解除人的保密义务，以使他们能够 在国际法庭的法律程序中作证，向在共和国塞尔维亚境内的人转交传票和其他拘 [...] 票，向证人和他们的家人提供保护，监控在塞尔维亚境内居住的临时被释放的被 [...] 告，与检察官办公室、国际法庭秘书处和庭长通信和直接联系，包括提供所有必 要的技术援助，在搜捕在逃被告和将他们转送到至法庭上提供支持和合作，以及 其他形式的合作，譬如负责战争罪行 的 检察官办公室与前南问 题 国际法庭 检 察 官 办公室通过交换这些机构的电子数据库所载数据和其他活动进行直接合作。 daccess-ods.un.org | The forms of cooperation are as follows: submission of documentation to the Tribunal, release of persons from the obligation to keep secrets to be able to testify in the proceedings held before the Tribunal, submission of summons and other writs to persons in the territory of the Republic of Serbia, provision of protection to witnesses and members of their families, control over the defendants who are temporarily set free and are resident in the territory of Serbia, correspondence and direct contact with the Prosecutor’s Office, the Secretariat and the Chair of the Tribunal, including all required technical assistance, provision of support [...] and cooperation in [...] searching for defendants at large and their transfer to the Tribunal, other forms of cooperation, such as direct cooperation between the [...]Prosecutor’s Office [...]for War Crimes and the ICTY Prosecutor’s Office through an exchange of data contained in the electronic databases of these institutions and other activities. daccess-ods.un.org |
此外，塞尔维亚共和 国负责战争罪行的检察官办公室、内务部揭露战争罪行办公室、国家安全委员 会、外交部、司法部、安全信息局、贝尔格莱德地方法院负 责 战争罪 行 的 委员会 及证人保护股在与国际法庭合作 上发挥重要作用，证人保护股设立在内务部揭露 战争罪行办公室内。 daccess-ods.un.org | Furthermore, the Prosecutor’s Office for War Crimes of the Republic of Serbia, the Office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs for Disclosing War Crimes, the National Security Council, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of [...] Justice, the [...] Security-Information Agency, the War Crimes Council of the District Court of Belgrade and the Witness Protection Unit have an important role relating to the cooperation with the Tribunal, which was established [...]within the Office [...]for Disclosing War Crimes of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. daccess-ods.un.org |
这种立法为以下任何罪行或罪行组合规定了普遍管辖权： (a) [...] 严重违反日内瓦四公约及其《第一附加议定书》的行为(主要是英联邦成员 国)；(b) 1954 年《海牙公约》《第二号议定书》和《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国 际公约》特别规定的犯罪(例如塞浦路斯、日本和荷兰)；(c) 没有条约规定普遍 管辖权的其他违反国际人道主义法行 为 ，如在 非 国际 武 装 冲突中实施 的 战争罪 (比利 时、加拿大、新西兰和菲律宾)以及违反禁止或管制使用某种武器的行为(南 非)；(d) 《罗马规约》第 8 条所列的战争罪(比利时、加拿大、德国、新西兰和 联合王国)。 daccess-ods.un.org | This legislation provides for universal jurisdiction over any or a combination of the following: (a) grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocol I thereto (primarily States members of the Commonwealth); (b) crimes specified under the Second Protocol to the 1954 Hague Convention and the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance (for example, Cyprus, Japan and the Netherlands); (c) other [...] violations of international [...] humanitarian law where no treaty requires universal jurisdiction, such as war crimes committed in non-international armed conflict (Belgium, Canada, New Zealand and the Philippines) and violations of treaties that either [...]prohibit or regulate [...]the use of certain weapons (South Africa); (d) the war crimes list contained in article 8 of the Rome Statute (Belgium, Canada, Germany, New Zealand and the United Kingdom). daccess-ods.un.org |
塞拉利昂问题特别法庭是继纽伦堡法庭后在罪行发 生 国 设 立 的第一 个 战争罪 行法庭，法 庭决心使公共宣传和公开司法成为优先事项。 daccess-ods.un.org | The Special [...] Court of Sierra Leone, the first war crimes tribunal since Nuremberg to [...]be based in the country where the atrocities [...]occurred, was determined to make public outreach and the publicizing of justice a priority. daccess-ods.un.org |
国际公法 与政策小组是全球无偿服务律师事务所，为各国和政府谈判和执行和平 协定、起草和执行冲突后法规以及在非洲、亚洲、欧洲和欧亚及中东建 立 战争罪 行法庭提供法律援助。 daccess-ods.un.org | The Public International Law and Policy Group is a global pro bono law firm that provides legal assistance to States and Governments in negotiating and implementing peace agreements, drafting and implementing post-conflict constitutions, and establishing war crimes tribunals in Africa, Asia, [...] Europe and Eurasia, and the Middle East. daccess-ods.un.org |
由此带来了 其他立法举措，其中许多体现了佛得角批准 的 国际 条 约 的规定，例如 2004 年的新 《刑法 》 ，这些立法中 列入了家庭暴力、 反 人 类罪、 种族灭绝以及 违反战 争 法 律 罪 。 daccess-ods.un.org | As a result, other legislative initiatives have been made, many [...] of which reflect the [...] provisions of the international treaties ratified by Cape Verde, such as the new Penal Code of 2004, which covers crimes related to domestic violence, crimes against humanity, genocide and crimes against the laws of war. daccess-ods.un.org |
私营军事和安保 公司及其人员还就国际法对他们的适用性提出了挑战，声 称 国际法 义 务 ，包括对 酷刑和战争罪的禁 止，不能延伸适用于它们，因为它们是非国家行为体(见 A/HRC/15/25/Add.3)。 daccess-ods.un.org | Private military and security companies and their personnel have [...] also challenged the [...] applicability of international law to them, claiming that international law obligations, including the prohibitions on torture and war crimes, do not extend to [...]them since they are non-State [...]actors (see A/HRC/15/25/Add.3). daccess-ods.un.org |
该义务尤其可能来源于关于[严重违反国际人道主义法的行为、灭绝种族罪、危害人类罪 和战争罪]的国际法习惯性规范。 daccess-ods.un.org | Such an obligation may derive, in [...] particular, from [...] customary norms of international law concerning [serious violations of international humanitarian law, genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes]. daccess-ods.un.org |
举 例而言，这可包括以下领域的经验：国内严重和复杂罪行的辩护，如恐怖主义、 杀人、非预谋杀人、贩运和复杂的白领罪行等罪案；涉及国际层面的案子的辩护 经验，诸如国际司法协助 、复杂的移民案、 超 国 家 的 罪 行 ；以 及 战争罪 、 灭 绝种 族罪和危害人类罪的辩护经验。 daccess-ods.un.org | For example, this may include experience in the following areas: the defence of those charged with serious and complex crimes at the domestic level, such as terrorism, homicide, manslaughter, trafficking and complex [...] white-collar crimes; the defence [...] of cases with international dimensions, such as those involving international judicial assistance, complex immigration issues or supranational crime; and the defence of those charged with war crimes, genocide [...]and crimes against humanity. daccess-ods.un.org |
个别案件宣判延误不会妨碍前南问题国际法庭在下列方面前所未有的成功： 编写国际刑事法先例大全以及将被前南问题 国 际 法 庭 起 诉 的个人逮捕归案，从而 明确和毫不含糊地确认种族灭绝罪、反人类罪和违 反 战争法 规 和习 惯 罪 是 国际社 会不会容忍的罪行。 daccess-ods.un.org | Delays in the delivery of certain judgements should not distract from the Tribunal’s unprecedented success in developing a [...] comprehensive corpus of [...] precedents in international criminal law and in arresting all living individuals indicted by the Tribunal, thus establishing clearly and unequivocally that genocide, crimes against humanity, and violations of the laws or customs of war are crimes that the international community will not tolerate. daccess-ods.un.org |
1998 年，国际刑事法院在秘书长的指导下在罗马建立，其《罗马规约》规定 了检察官办公室的使命：结束种族灭绝、危害人类罪 和 战争罪 这 些 国际 社 会 关注 的最严重罪行的逍遥法外现 象，从而有助于防止这类罪行。 daccess-ods.un.org | The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, created in 1998 in Rome under the guidance of the Secretary-General, defines the mission of the Office of the Prosecutor: to put an end [...] to impunity for [...] the most serious crimes of concern to the international community — genocide, crimes against humanity [...]and war crimes [...]— and thus contribute to the prevention of such crimes. daccess-ods.un.org |
大 赦 国际注意到 ， 自 贝尔格莱 德 区 法 院战争罪特别分院 成 立 以来，塞尔维 亚 在处理对在波 斯 尼亚和 黑塞哥维 那 、 克罗地亚和 科索沃战争期 间 [...] 发 生 的 战争罪有 罪 不 罚 的现象方面 取 得 了 真 正 的 进展。 daccess-ods.un.org | AI noted that since the establishment of the Special War Crimes Chamber at Belgrade [...] District Court, Serbia has made real [...]progress in addressing impunity for the war crimes which took place during the wars in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Kosovo. daccess-ods.un.org |
2003 年通过国家立法， 成立了波斯尼亚战争罪分庭，其国际 组 成将逐步撤出， 该 法 庭 最终将成为国内法 庭。 daccess-ods.un.org | The Bosnia War Crimes Chamber was established in 2003 by national legislation, with the intention that its international components would [...] be phased out and ultimately become national. daccess-ods.un.org |
(c) 在过渡司法方面，保持过渡司法问题的最高优先地位，广泛传播关于全 国协商 的报告，并为迈向实施双重机制，恢复讨论待决问题(法院检察官的独立 性，真相与和解委员会和特别法庭之 间 的关系， 将 战争罪 、 危害人类罪和种族灭 绝罪排除在大赦范围之外)。 daccess-ods.un.org | (c) In the area of transitional justice, keep the issue of transitional justice as a top priority, communicate widely the report on national [...] consultations and, with a view to progressing towards implementation of the double mechanism, resume the discussions on pending [...] issues (independence of the Court prosecutor, relationship between the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Special Tribunal, and exclusion of amnesty for war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide). daccess-ods.un.org |
我们欢迎欧安组织与前南斯拉夫问题 国际刑事法庭协作开展“战争罪司法项目”，把技能 和知识传授给地方法院。 daccess-ods.un.org | We welcome OSCE [...] collaboration with the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia on the War Crimes Justice Project, [...]which transfers skills [...]and knowledge to local courts. daccess-ods.un.org |
事实上，正是安全理事会 2000 年第 1315(2000)号决议要求秘书长同塞拉利 昂政府谈判达成协议，以设立一个独立的特 别 法庭 ， 对 在塞拉利昂犯下的危害人 类罪、战争罪和塞拉利昂法律规定的罪行承担最大责任者行使管辖权。 daccess-ods.un.org | Indeed, it was Security Council resolution 1315 (2000), in which the Secretary-General was requested to negotiate an agreement with the Government of Sierra [...] Leone to create an [...] independent special court with jurisdiction over those who bear the greatest responsibility for the commission in Sierra Leone of crimes against humanity, war crimes and crimes under Sierra [...]Leonean law. daccess-ods.un.org |
在检察官 办公室将第 11 条之二案件移交波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维 那国家法院的战争罪分庭方面 的合作尤其是建设性 的。 daccess-ods.un.org | The cooperation has been particularly constructive with regard to the rule 11bis [...] cases transferred by the Office of the [...] Prosecutor to the War Crimes Chamber of the State Court of Bosnia [...]and Herzegovina. daccess-ods.un.org |
尽管存在这种挑战，该 办公室仍然 取得了许多重要成绩，包括：(a) 对向该办公室提出的多数索赔案件作出了答复， 包括向 80 多个国家客户提供简要咨询意见(206 例)；(b) 在这一年里向工作人员 法律援助办公室提出了 938 个案件，该办公室了结或解决了其中的 54%；(c) 在 争议法庭的办 案成功率很高；(d) 针对外地工作人员开展了外联工作；(e) 与联 合国工作人员工会和协会、广大工作人员、联合国监察员和调解事务办公室、秘 书处和联合国各机构、基金和方案的法律部门、提供无偿法律顾问服务的法律事 务所以及学校和大学等内部和外部伙伴发展了关系。 daccess-ods.un.org | Despite such challenges, there were many important accomplishments, including: (a) responding to the majority of the claims brought to the Office, including the provision of summary advice (206 instances), to clients in more than 80 countries; (b) closure or resolution of 54 per cent of the 938 cases filed with the Office of Staff Legal Assistance during the year; (c) a high success rate before the Dispute Tribunal; (d) undertaking outreach to staff in the field; and [...] (e) the development of relationships [...]with internal and external partners, including United Nations staff unions and associations, staff-at-large, the Office of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services, the legal offices of the Secretariat and United Nations agencies, funds and programmes, law offices providing pro bono legal counsel, schools and universities. daccess-ods.un.org |
关于戈德斯通报告(A/HRC/12/48)的后续行动问 题，我们特别希望今后几个月中，在联合国机构再次 审议该报告的时候，安全理事会中那些完全不顾国际 人权和国际人道主义法准则和原则、顽固而强硬地支 持以色列政权的成员能够调整它们的立场，顺 应 国际 上日益高涨的要求起诉加沙战争罪犯 并 将其绳之以 法的呼声。 daccess-ods.un.org | With regard to the follow-up to the Goldstone report (A/HRC/12/48), we particularly hope that, within the coming months as United Nations bodies review the report again, those members of the Security Council who rock-solidly and unwaveringly support the Israeli regime in total [...] disregard of the norms and [...] principles of international human rights and international humanitarian law will adjust their positions to the growing international demand for justice and the prosecution of the Gaza war criminals. daccess-ods.un.org |
安理会关于保护平民的第 1674(2006)号和第 [...] 1894(2009)号决议指出，如果一 个深陷冲突的社会或正从冲突中恢复的社会要正视过去的违法行为，并防止其再次 发生，则必须结束有罪不罚现象，而且各国有责任履行其义务，调查和起诉涉嫌犯 有战争罪、危害人类罪、灭绝种族罪或其他严重违 反 国际 人 道主 义 法 的 人 员。 daccess-ods.un.org | Security Council resolutions 1674 (2006) and 1894 (2009) on the protection of civilians state that ending impunity is essential if a society in conflict or recovering from conflict is to come to terms with past violations and prevent their recurrence, and that it is the responsibility of States to comply with their obligations to [...] investigate and prosecute [...] persons suspected of war crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide or other serious violations of international humanitarian law. daccess-ods.un.org |
该段还忽略了提及《国际刑事法院规 约》第八 条第 2（b）八款，根据条款之规定，占领国将其部 分本国平民直接或间接转移到其占领地区，或将该 区域以内或以外的被占领区全部或部分人口驱逐或 强行转移行为属于战争罪。 daccess-ods.un.org | The paragraph also omitted any reference to article [...] 8, para. 2(b)viii, of [...] the Statute of the International Criminal Court, under which the direct or indirect transfer by an occupying Power of parts of its own civilian population into the territory it occupied, or the deportation or transfer of all or parts of the population of the occupied territory within or outside that territory, was a war crime. daccess-ods.un.org |
由于这 [...] 一举措受阻，而且第二轮冲突爆发，柬埔寨进而寻 求海牙国际法庭（国际法庭）的干预，要求其对 1962 年的判决进行解释，并敦促国际法庭 下 令 用临 时手段来停止战争。 crisisgroup.org | As this initiative stalled and the second round of clashes broke out, Cambodia sought the intervention of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in The Hague, [...] request ing an interpretation of its 1962 judgment as [...] well as an order for temporary measures that might stop the fighting. crisisgroup.org |
同丹麦的 做法形成对照的是，教育国际提及 爱尔兰的一个优良经验个案，其中爱尔兰劳 资 争 议 法庭的 一 项裁定重申就业保护和研究人员对自己研究的控制权，并且敦促同教师组织谈判以就学术 研究方法并进而就学术自由达成协议。 unesdoc.unesco.org | In contrast to the Danish practices, EI referred to a case of good practice from Ireland by which an Irish Labour Court decision had [...] reasserted employment [...]protection and research personnel control over their own research, and urged a negotiated agreement with a teachers’ organization on the approach to academic research and therefore freedom. unesdoc.unesco.org |
波斯尼亚国家法院战争罪分庭是在一 国国 家 司 法机构内设立特别分庭的又 一个实例，有国际社会的参与，但此番并非联合国。 daccess-ods.un.org | The War Crimes Chamber of the State Court of Bosnia is a further example of a special chamber within the national jurisdiction of a State, with international participation, although [...] not United Nations participation. daccess-ods.un.org |
2008 年，拉多万·卡 拉 季茨的 被 捕 以及前南斯拉夫问题国际刑 事法庭 就战争罪和 危害人 类罪将卡 拉 季 茨 送 上 公 堂 ， 证 明了塞政府就此问题所作的承诺 。 daccess-ods.un.org | The arrest of Radovan Karadzic in 2008 and his [...] prosecution by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia for war crimes and crimes against humanity [...]illustrated the commitment [...]of the Government to this issue, and France recommended continuing on this path and making every effort to ensure full cooperation with the Tribunal. daccess-ods.un.org |
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