| 单词 | 关税与贸易总协定 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 | 关税与贸易总协定 —GATT, the 1995 General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeSee also:关贸总协定—GATT, the 1995 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 贸易协 n—NAFTA n 贸易协定—trade agreement 总协定 n—General Agreement n • general agreement n
|
这一国际组织创立于1995年，其前身是 关税与贸易总协定 ( G A TT )，负责处理管辖国家之间贸易的规则。 hautehorlogerie.org | Founded in 1995 and succeeding the General Agreement on Customs Tariffs and Trade (GATT), [...] this international organization handles the rules governing trade between countries. hautehorlogerie.org |
从关税及贸易总协定(关贸总协 定)到 1990 年代中期成立世界贸易组织(世贸 组织)的转变远远不只是一个简单的名称变化。 daccess-ods.un.org | The transition from [...] the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) to [...]the establishment of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in the mid-1990s [...]involved much more than a simple name change. daccess-ods.un.org |
在全球一级，内陆发展中国家参与了 世界贸易组织(世贸组织)的贸易便利化 谈判，特别是旨在改进关于过境自由的第五条、关于进出口费用和手续的第八条、 关于公布和实施《1994 年关税及贸易总协定》贸 易法规以及特殊和差别待遇的第 十条相关内容的谈判。 daccess-ods.un.org | At the global level, landlocked developing countries are engaged in negotiations on trade facilitation at the World Trade Organization (WTO), particularly those aimed at improving [...] relevant aspects of article V, on freedom of [...] transit; article VIII, on fees and formalities connected with importation and exportation; and article X, on publication and administration of trade regulations of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 and special and differential treatment. daccess-ods.un.org |
管理世界经济的这套现行体制和规则是 60 多年前与联合国、基金组织、世 界银行和关税及贸易总协定(关贸总协定)一起建立的。 daccess-ods.un.org | The present set of institutions and rules for managing the world economy were [...] established more than 60 [...] years ago together with the founding of the United Nations and the creation of IMF, the World Bank and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). daccess-ods.un.org |
主席指出，新提交了下列文件供研究组审议：主席关于“特殊制度 下 与嗣 后 协定和惯例有关的判例”的第二次报告；村濑先生撰写的论文，题目是“‘演 进性’解释的病理学：《关贸总协定 》 第 二十条在 贸 易 和 环境方面的适用”；彼 得里奇先生撰写的涉及一特定边界条约的嗣后协定和惯例的论文。 daccess-ods.un.org | The Chairman noted that the following additional documents had been submitted for consideration by the Study Group: the second report by the Chairman on [...] the “Jurisprudence under [...] special regimes relating to subsequent agreements and subsequent practice”, a paper by Mr. Murase entitled “The Pathology of “Evolutionary” Interpretations: GATT Article XX’s Application to Trade and the Environment” [...]and a paper prepared [...]by Mr. Petrič on subsequent agreements and practice concerning a particular boundary treaty. daccess-ods.un.org |
在第二次世界大战后至 1970 年代之前这段时期实施的是布雷顿森 林 - 关税及 贸易总协定体制 ，在这个体制下，除必须消除关于贸易的若干边界限制和不得在 贸易伙伴之间进行歧视外，各国可自由决定其贸易和产业政策。 daccess-ods.un.org | In the post-Second World War era of the [...] Bretton Woods-GATT regime until the 1970s, countries were free to have their own trade and industry [...]policies as long as [...]they removed a number of border restrictions on trade and did not discriminate among their trading partners. daccess-ods.un.org |
关税及贸 易总协定》第11 条规定，禁止对出口的数量进行限制，但其第 2 款(a)项又允许 采取临时限制措施，以防止粮食严重短缺。 daccess-ods.un.org | Article XI [...] of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade prohibits quantitative [...]restrictions on exports, but its paragraph [...]2 (a) permits temporary restrictions to prevent critical shortages of food. daccess-ods.un.org |
这就是发达国家选择关税贸易总协议 ／ 世界贸易组织 (GATT/WTO) ，而不是世界知识产 权组织作为通过《与贸易 有关的知识产权协议》实施知识产权保护全球化的适当机制的原 因。 iprcommission.org | This is why the [...] developed countries chose GATT/WTO, rather than WIPO, as the appropriate mechanism for the globalisation of IP protection through TRIPS. iprcommission.org |
随着时间推移，发展中国家之间渔业贸易可能将紧随以下情况而 增加：新型经济体可支配收入的提高；逐步的贸易自由化；WTO成员国的扩大以 及与 水产品贸易强烈相关的大量双边 贸易协定 的 生效而降低高进口 关 税。 fao.org | Over time, fishery trade between developing countries will probably increase in the wake of rising disposable incomes in emerging economies, gradual trade liberalization and a reduction in the high import tariffs following the expanding [...] membership of the WTO, [...] and the entry into force of a number of bilateral trade agreements with strong relevance to the trade in fish. fao.org |
教育政策的制定参考了与教育全球化的机遇和挑战有关的政策指导方针和立场文件， 包括一份关于更全球化社会中的高等教育的立场文件（六种语言），和一 个 与 非 洲 大学协会 共同举办的讲习班，以及讲习班发表 的 关 于 服 务 贸易总协定 （ GA TS）影响非洲高等教育的 宣言。 unesdoc.unesco.org | Educational decision-making was informed by policy guidelines and position papers on opportunities and challenges of globalization in education, including a position paper on higher education in a more globalized society (six [...] languages), and a workshop and resulting [...] declaration on the impact of GATS on higher education in Africa organized in cooperation with the African Association of Universities. unesdoc.unesco.org |
对《1947 年关税和贸易总协定》第十九条第 1 款和第二十五条第 5 款作一比较，即可明 确看出不同之处。 daccess-ods.un.org | A comparison of article XIX, paragraph 1, and article XXV, paragraph [...] 5, of the 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade [...]shows the difference clearly. daccess-ods.un.org |
(t) 重申有权充分利用《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》(《涉贸产 权协 议》 )、30 《关于与贸易有关的知识产权协议和公共卫生的多哈宣言》31 和 2003 年 8 月 30 日世界贸易组织总理事会关于执行《 关 于 与贸易 有 关 的 知 识产权协议 和公共卫生的多哈宣言》第 6 段的决定32 所 载的各项条款以及在正式的接受程序 完成后的《协议》第 31 条修正案，33 其中为保护公众健康提供了灵活变通办法， 尤其是主张为所有人提供各种药品，鼓励在这一方面向发展中国家提供援助。 daccess-ods.un.org | (t) Reaffirming the right to use, to the full, the provisions contained in the World Trade Organization Agreement on Trade-Related [...] Aspects of [...] Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement),30 the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health,31 the decision of the General Council of the World Trade Organization of 30 August 2003 on the implementation of paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health,32 [...]and, when formal [...]acceptance procedures are completed, the amendment to article 31 of the Agreement,33 which provide flexibilities for the protection of public health, and, in particular, to promote access to medicines for all, and encourage the provision of assistance to developing countries in this regard. daccess-ods.un.org |
由于乌拉圭回合的谈判包含《与贸易 有 关 的知识产 权协议》，知识产权也受到世界贸易组织（前身为 《 关贸总协定 》 ） 的保护，因此也许有人 认为世界知识产权组织的影响已因此而减少。 iprcommission.org | With the inclusion of TRIPS in the Uruguay Round, intellectual property has also come under the aegis of the WTO, the successor to GATT, and [...] some would argue that WIPO’s influence has thereby diminished. iprcommission.org |
一些代表团认为，私营标准是世界现况的一部分 ， 与 部 分 市场相关，对多元化市 场需求是重要的；然而，有必要关注标准的 制 定 ， 以 确保他们没有成为 非 关税贸易 壁 垒。 codexalimentarius.org | Some delegations were of the view that private standards were part of the current world situation and were relevant to certain segments [...] of the market and [...] important for diversified market requirements; however it was necessary to monitor their development in order to ensure that they did not become non-tariff barriers to trade. codexalimentarius.org |
世界贸易组织( 世贸组织) 在对初步研究报告的评论意见中指出， 在 关税 及贸 易总协定乌拉圭回合谈判期间已启动了一项改革进程，并在多哈谈判中予以促 进，其目的是除了增强发展中国家农业部门现有的灵活性外，还要减少“扭曲贸 易的国内农业补贴”。 daccess-ods.un.org | The World [...] Trade Organization (WTO) noted in its comments on the preliminary study that a reform process had been launched during the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and [...]Trade and furthered in [...]the Doha negotiations aimed at reducing “trade-distorting domestic agricultural subsidies”, in addition to the existing flexibilities for the agriculture sector of developing countries. daccess-ods.un.org |
然而， 1994 年《关税及贸易总协定》中唯一直接涉及文化财产贸易问题的条款是在其第 XX（f） 条，它承认为保护本国具有艺术、历史或考古价值的文物而采取的限制是个例外。 unesdoc.unesco.org | However, [...] the only provision of the 1994 Agreement which directly deals with the trade in cultural [...]goods is Article XX(f), [...]which permits measures related to the protection of national treasures of artistic, historic and archaeological value. unesdoc.unesco.org |
(a) 1967 年 12 月 12 日，大会通过第 2297(XXII)号决议，批准自 1968 年 [...] 1 月 1 日起成立国际贸易中心，“由联合国贸易和发展会 议 与关税 及 贸易总协定以 平等伙伴关系持续共同管理”。 daccess-ods.un.org | (a) On 12 December 1967, the General Assembly adopted resolution 2297 (XXII) approving the establishment of the International Trade Centre “to be jointly operated by the United Nations [...] Conference on Trade and Development [...] and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) on a [...]continuing basis and in equal partnership” [...]with effect from 1 January 1968. daccess-ods.un.org |
一些具体意见如下：营销母乳代用品方面的法典参考很重要；法典应该通用，着重 保护一些尚无适当食品质量控制措施国家的消费者；法典应集中在第 3 条的核心规则方 面，不应当用来解决与遵守有关的问 题，遵守问题应由食品进出口检验和认证系统委员会 来处理；一些发展中国家的文盲问题对向消费者提供信息和提高他们对食品安全问题的认 识来说可能是个挑战；该法典不应重申法典文本或世 界 贸易 组 织 协 议 里 现有的 规 定。 codexalimentarius.org | A number of specific comments were made as follows: the reference of the Code on the Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes is important; the Code should be generic and focus on the protection of consumers in countries which do not have adequate control measures for food quality; the Code should concentrate on the core provisions in Article 3 and [...] should not be used to [...] resolve issues dealing with compliance, which should be addressed by the CCFICS; the problem of illiteracy in some developing countries may be a challenge in order to provide consumer information and raise their awareness on food safety issues; and the Code should not reiterate existing provisions in Codex texts or the WTO agreements. codexalimentarius.org |
应考虑针对《关税和贸易总协定》（ 关贸总 协 定）第五条所涵盖的问题，商谈一份单独的多边 协议。 daccess-ods.un.org | Consideration should be given to [...] negotiating a separate multilateral agreement on issues covered by [...] Article V of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). daccess-ods.un.org |
尼泊尔代表团要求秘书处帮助最不发达国家和内陆国家：开展关 于主要出口和进口产品的分析；采用单一窗口和开展无纸化贸易，并 推动关于执行贸易和过境便利化措施的公私营部门的对话；提供一个 讨论共同关切问题的平台，尤其将重点放在最不发达和内陆国家；促 进农业和林业产品的价值链，包括诸如“一个村庄一个产品”方案那 样的举措，以及就有机食品认证和动植物卫生检疫标准领域，传播相 关信息 和提供能力建设援助；加入《亚 太 贸易协定 》 ； 以及 在 总 体上 援助制订适当的贸易和投资政策的努力。 daccess-ods.un.org | The delegation of Nepal requested that the secretariat help least developed and landlocked countries to conduct analyses on key export and import products; introduce single windows and paperless trade and the promotion of public-private sector dialogue on the implementation of trade and transit facilitation measures; provide a platform to discuss issues of common concern, paying particular attention to least developed and landlocked countries; promote value chains for agricultural and forestry products, including under initiatives such as “one village one product” programmes; [...] and disseminate [...] information and provide capacity-building assistance on the certification of organic foods and sanitary and phytosanitary standards, accession to APTA and overall assistance in the formulation of appropriate trade and investment [...]policies. daccess-ods.un.org |
委员会注意到此种整合过程进展缓慢，认 为需要：(a)指定贸易法委 员会秘书处担任 目前或未来的法治协调机 制中的商法 事项主导机构；(b)对国家工作队展开宣传，目的是增进国家工作队对贸易法委 员会的工作及其与国家工作队在法治方面的工作的 相 关 性 的 认识；(c)在用来拟 订国别发展援助方案的模板中自动反映商法改革方面的需要。 daccess-ods.un.org | Noting slow progress in such integration, the [...] Commission considered the [...] need for: (a) designating the UNCITRAL secretariat as a lead agency on commercial law matters in current or future rule of law coordination mechanisms; (b) conducting outreach to country teams with the goal of increasing their awareness about the work of UNCITRAL and its relevance to their work [...]on the rule of law; [...]and (c) reflecting by default needs for commercial law reforms in templates used for the formulation of country-specific development assistance programmes. daccess-ods.un.org |
研 究组审议并评阅了根据 2009 年商定的框架而编写的各种文件，其中包括各种最 惠国待遇规定和关于 1978 条款草案的文件、关税和贸易组织与 世 界贸易组织的 实践、经合组织和贸发会议关于最惠国条款的工作以及“马菲基尼”问题。 daccess-ods.un.org | The Study Group considered and reviewed the various papers prepared on the basis of the framework which had been agreed upon in 2009, including a catalogue of MFN provisions and papers on the 1978 [...] draft articles, the [...] practice of GATT and WTO, the work of OECD and UNCTAD on MFN, and the “Maffezini” issue, and set [...]out a programme of [...]work for next year (chap. XI). daccess-ods.un.org |
区域金融架构的其他部分包括：(a) 增强汇率的协调，以促进贸易和宏观经 济的稳定和制止竞争性贬值；(b) 实现中央银行与金融机构的更紧密合作，以促 进该区域最不发达国家的全区域信息共享和能力建设；(c) 通过建立决策者的能 力，特别是建立法律和监管制度设计及项目开发和管理的能力，扩大公营和私营 部门在基础设施投资方面的伙伴关系；(d) 积极参与关于国 际金融架构改革的全 球讨论，以确保它支持该区域的发展需要。 daccess-ods.un.org | Additional elements of a regional financial architecture include: (a) improving exchange rate coordination to facilitate trade and macroeconomic stability and discourage competitive devaluations; (b) achieving closer cooperation between central banks and financing institutions to facilitate region-wide information-sharing and capacity-building among the region’s least developed countries; (c) expanding public-private partnerships for investment [...] in infrastructure by building capacities [...]among policymakers, especially in the design of legal and regulatory regimes and in project development and management; and (d) active participation in global discussions on the reform of the international financial architecture to ensure that it supports the region’s developmental needs. daccess-ods.un.org |
然后分析了鱼模式主要成果，提出 了十年范围内在特定假设 情况下预期要发生的可能情形，例如宏观经济环境、国 际贸易规则和关税、厄 尔尼诺现象的频率和影响、不发 生 与 不 正常鱼有关的病害 爆发、渔业配额、长期生产力趋势以及非显形市场震动。 fao.org | They then analyse the main results of the fish model, giving a plausible scenario in a ten-year horizon of what can be expected to happen under a certain [...] set of assumptions, such as the macroeconomic environment, international trade rules and tariffs, frequency and effects of El Niño phenomena, absence of abnormal fishrelated disease outbreaks, fishery quotas, longer-term productivity trends and the non-appearance of market shocks. [...] fao.org |
与贸易有关的知识产权协议》 还 应当允许各国建立适合于本国农业体系的单独适用的植物品种保护法规，应当允许为进一 步研究和育种的目的使用受保护的物种， 规 定 农 民 有保留和再次播种种子的权利，包括非 正式的出售和交换。 iprcommission.org | Such regimes should permit access to the protected varieties for further research and breeding, and provide at least for the right of farmers to save and plant-back seed, including the possibility of informal sale and exchange. iprcommission.org |
世界贸易组织关于“美国新配方汽油和常规汽油标准”案(1996 年)提出 了一个国家的国内法(在此情况下是指美国的 1990 年“清洁空气法”)与世界贸 易组织/关贸总协定的贸易条款之间相容性的重要问题。 daccess-ods.un.org | The WTO case on the United States – Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline (1996) posed an important question of the compatibility of a country’s domestic law (in this [...] case, the U.S. Clean Air [...] Act of 1990) with the trade provisions of the WTO/GATT.7 Finally, relevant decisions of domestic [...]courts may also be instructive.8 4. daccess-ods.un.org |
他们还呼吁采取行动， 加快制定与贸易有关的知识产权协议 方 面与发展相关的任务规定，尽快落实 《多哈部长级宣言》中与执行相关的问题，特别是关于制定支持《生物多样性 公约》目标的与贸易有关的知识产权协议规则的问题，以及与贸易有关的知识 产权协议和公共卫生在贸易方面的问题。 daccess-ods.un.org | They also called for action to accelerate the work on the development related mandate concerning the TRIPS Agreement and the implementation related issues in the Doha Ministerial Declaration, especially on the issues of making intellectual property rules of TRIPS supportive of the objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity as well as trade-related aspects of the TRIPS and Public Health. daccess-ods.un.org |
1947 年通过的《关税及贸易总协 定》（GATT）的文本规定：“任一缔约国可以维持有关电影片的国内数量限制条例，在指 [...] 定时间的一段时期内，国产电影片的放映时间应在实际使用的总时间内占一最低比例”（第 IV 条）。 unesdoc.unesco.org | The original text [...] of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), adopted [...]in 1947, stipulated that any contracting [...]party could maintain “screen quotas [that] require the exhibition of cinematograph films of national origin during a specified minimum proportion of the total screen time actually utilized” (Article IV). unesdoc.unesco.org |
同样，在贸易便利化谈判中、特别是在涉及过境贸易便 利化问题的谈判中也必须特别注意它们的利益，应该保存 《 关税 及 贸易总协定》 第五条已经确立的内容。 daccess-ods.un.org | Likewise, special attention must be granted to their interests in the trade facilitation [...] negotiations, [...] especially those related to transit, which should preserve what is already established in article V of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. daccess-ods.un.org |
后来在 1994 年《关税及贸易总协定》乌 拉圭回合之后，增列了这一关于“限额” 的条款，因为这类限制性条例被认为主要属于国家文化政策范畴，而不是属于经济和贸易范 畴。 unesdoc.unesco.org | Carried over into the [...] 1994 Uruguay Round Agreement, this provision on “quotas” [...]was included since such restrictive regulations [...]were perceived to relate to national cultural policies rather than to economics and trade. unesdoc.unesco.org |
英汉双解词典包含2273206条英汉词条，基本涵盖了全部常用单词的翻译及用法，是英语学习的有利工具。