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External sources (not reviewed)

The use of information technology to inform migrants and mobilize diasporas to invest in job creation back home, and the negotiation of intercountry social security agreements, were some key strategies proposed to strengthen public-private cooperation across borders.

[...] [...] informal settlements and rural areas.

[...] [...] Austrian Aliens Police Law (Federal Law [...] [...]

Other issues that emerged in the discussion were the potential roles of state purchases as sources of innovation and of diaspora as innovation capital.

There has also been increasingly vocal resistance from some parts of the Eritrean diaspora against aspects of the 2 per cent diaspora tax, especially the more coercive methods used to enforce its collection and the lack of transparency with respect to its expenditure.

[...] Regulation that came into force in [...] [...]

At the request of the Ministry of Rural Development and Panchayati Raj, the UNRC, in consultation with the UNCT, has agreed in principle that the United Nations in India would provide technical support to the proposed Below Poverty Line Census to be undertaken by the Government of India.

It has been noted that sectarian riots are most likely to occur when the following elements are present: (a) severe long-standing antagonism on religious lines in particular villages and urban localities; (b) an emotional response of members of religious communities to a precipitating event; (c) a feeling in the minds of rioters and the larger religious group to which they belong that sectarian violence is justifiable; and (d) the assessment by the rioters that the reaction from the police to sectarian violence will be either absent or partisan or ineffective.

Overall, countries that were economically diverse fared much better than those relying on single-commodity exports or a narrow foreign exchange earnings source, such as tourism or remittances.

If that trend continued, that would create severe hardships for large populations dependent on remittances, particularly families in lower income groups, quite apart from the difficulties with the current account balances.

A sessional paper on youth labour export that will guide labour migration for youth seeking employment outside the country, a diaspora policy and a labour migration policy that seek to mainstream diaspora involvement in the development agenda and provide framework for movement of labour are in the process of development.

This support proved important in offsetting the negative impact of the global economic and financial crisis on the country’s tourism sector, foreign direct investment and remittances.

Referring to the call made by several States for measures to strengthen the integration of foreigners, Amnesty International urged Liechtenstein to amend the new Foreign National Act to avoid the creation of additional groups of non-citizens and to ensure that non-citizens are not discriminated against, especially with regard to their right to family reunification.

These supportive measures included the steady rise in ODA, foreign direct investment, and remittance flows to least developed countries and the implementation of major debtrelief initiatives and preferential trade agreements, as well as unilateral trade liberalization that favoured many least developed countries.

However, some developing countries, heavily dependent on exports of raw material, aid or remittances may also be severely affected.

[...] request to protect its citizens against [...] [...]

Remittances are usually used for consumption instead of productive investment and the subsequent influx of foreign currency and more pricecompetitive imported goods could stifle local manufacturing.

It should strengthen its work on the contribution of migrants to development; potential benefits and opportunities for trade, investment and development, and links between migrants’ countries of origin and migrant communities abroad; maximizing the benefits of remittances for development, temporary and circular migration; diaspora networks between communities abroad and their countries of origin and their potential benefits, gender-related migration; the brain drain, and migrants’ contribution to their countries of origin upon returning home.

Such measures could not be considered excessive but must be seen in the context of States’ obligations regarding the return of their nationals.

[...] [...] survivors and the Diaspora One Dollar [...]

[...] condemned the use of the diaspora tax by the [...] [...]

[...] and better leverage remittances [...] [...]

They advocated alternatives to detention for parents of children affected by these measures, in particular for pregnant women and mothers, including when these are foreigners or aliens in irregular administrative status.

GISTI, an association that defends the rights of foreign workers, points out, for example, that at Bondi on 26 September, at SaintDenis on 10 October, and at Bagnolet on 24 October 2007 and in other cities, the police carried out down raids on sites occupied by Roma (Bulgarian and Romanian nationals), loaded the occupants onto specially chartered buses, and gave them the choice between “prison” and immediate departure to their countries of origin “with return assistance”.

New sources include diaspora bonds, which are a debt instrument issued by a country, or potentially by a sub-sovereign entity, or by a private corporation, in order to raise financing from its overseas diaspora population.