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External sources (not reviewed)

However, some developing countries, heavily dependent on exports of raw material, aid or remittances may also be severely affected.

[...] [...] Austrian Aliens Police Law (Federal Law [...] [...]

Remittances are usually used for consumption instead of productive investment and the subsequent influx of foreign currency and more pricecompetitive imported goods could stifle local manufacturing.

[...] Regulation that came into force in [...] [...]

Such measures could not be considered excessive but must be seen in the context of States’ obligations regarding the return of their nationals.

Referring to the call made by several States for measures to strengthen the integration of foreigners, Amnesty International urged Liechtenstein to amend the new Foreign National Act to avoid the creation of additional groups of non-citizens and to ensure that non-citizens are not discriminated against, especially with regard to their right to family reunification.

These supportive measures included the steady rise in ODA, foreign direct investment, and remittance flows to least developed countries and the implementation of major debtrelief initiatives and preferential trade agreements, as well as unilateral trade liberalization that favoured many least developed countries.

[...] condemned the use of the diaspora tax by the [...] [...]

They advocated alternatives to detention for parents of children affected by these measures, in particular for pregnant women and mothers, including when these are foreigners or aliens in irregular administrative status.

Other issues that emerged in the discussion were the potential roles of state purchases as sources of innovation and of diaspora as innovation capital.

GISTI, an association that defends the rights of foreign workers, points out, for example, that at Bondi on 26 September, at SaintDenis on 10 October, and at Bagnolet on 24 October 2007 and in other cities, the police carried out down raids on sites occupied by Roma (Bulgarian and Romanian nationals), loaded the occupants onto specially chartered buses, and gave them the choice between “prison” and immediate departure to their countries of origin “with return assistance”.

There has also been increasingly vocal resistance from some parts of the Eritrean diaspora against aspects of the 2 per cent diaspora tax, especially the more coercive methods used to enforce its collection and the lack of transparency with respect to its expenditure.

New sources include diaspora bonds, which are a debt instrument issued by a country, or potentially by a sub-sovereign entity, or by a private corporation, in order to raise financing from its overseas diaspora population.

Morocco had initiated the creation of a database of certified diaspora associations to strengthen links and to inform them of investment opportunities in Morocco.

If that trend continued, that would create severe hardships for large populations dependent on remittances, particularly families in lower income groups, quite apart from the difficulties with the current account balances.

A sessional paper on youth labour export that will guide labour migration for youth seeking employment outside the country, a diaspora policy and a labour migration policy that seek to mainstream diaspora involvement in the development agenda and provide framework for movement of labour are in the process of development.

In its original version, the paragraph is worded as follows: “Foreign nationals of a State engaged in armed conflict shall not be subject to measures of collective expulsion unless, taken together as a group, they have demonstrated hostility towards the receiving State.

This support proved important in offsetting the negative impact of the global economic and financial crisis on the country’s tourism sector, foreign direct investment and remittances.

[...] conferences with the diaspora were important [...] [...]

[...] request to protect its citizens against [...] [...]

It was a day marked with high sensitivities as the Palestinian people under occupation and throughout the Diaspora reflected on the decades of injustice and oppression inflicted by Israel, the occupying Power, on the Palestinian people and its continuing denial and violation of their inalienable human rights and obstruction of the fulfilment of their legitimate national aspirations for freedom, justice, peace, security and dignity in their homeland.

The stock of sub-Saharan African diaspora members is estimated to be about 16 million, with 5 million in high-income countries.

It should strengthen its work on the contribution of migrants to development; potential benefits and opportunities for trade, investment and development, and links between migrants’ countries of origin and migrant communities abroad; maximizing the benefits of remittances for development, temporary and circular migration; diaspora networks between communities abroad and their countries of origin and their potential benefits, gender-related migration; the brain drain, and migrants’ contribution to their countries of origin upon returning home.

[...] [...] survivors and the Diaspora One Dollar [...]

Some States had established specific funds to financially support the departments, services and non-governmental organizations providing support to victims in their country and to their nationals abroad.

Djibouti has always been a place of peace, refuge and of paid employment for many nationals from neighbouring countries (Ethiopia, Somalia and Eritrea) affected by war or natural disaster.

[...] and better leverage remittances [...] [...]

On the other hand, external actors such as diaspora communities openly fund arms purchases aimed at destabilizing States whilst receiving support and protection in their host countries, and their criminal agents cross international boundaries at will, unchecked.