| 单词 | 中国法学会 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 | 中国法学会 —China Law SocietySee also:法国法 n—French law n 国法—national law 法学—law • legal studies 学会—institute • learned society • (scholarly) association
|
外交部条约法律司法律干事 y 2009年当选亚洲国际法学会会长 y 2005年起任国际法学院院士 y 2000年起任中国国际法学会副会长 y 1997年起任中国法学会理事 y 1993年起任中国国际法年刊编委会成员 y 1993-2004年任国际法协会水资源委员会顾问 y 1999-2003年任中国国际私法学会副会长兼理事 y 2008年起任武汉大学法学院教授 y 2004年起任中国社会科学 院法律研究所教授 y 1998年起任中国外交学院法学教授 y 1994年起任北京大学法律系法学教授 1988年通过中国全国律师资格考试 daccess-ods.un.org | 1980-1984 Legal officer, Department of Treaty and Law, Ministry of Foreign Affairs daccess-ods.un.org |
(c) 会议室文件，其中载有国际空间 法学会 提 供 的与空间法有关的活动情 况（A/AC.105/C.2/2012/CRP.18）。 daccess-ods.un.org | (c) Conference room paper [...] containing information on activities relating to space law received from [...]IISL (A/AC.105/C.2/2012/CRP.18). daccess-ods.un.org |
委员会还一致认为，应当邀请国际空 间 法学会 和 欧 洲空间 法 中 心 在 小组委 员会第五十二届会议期间举行一次空间法专题讨论会。 daccess-ods.un.org | The Committee [...] agreed that the International Institute of Space Law and the European Centre for Space Law should be [...]invited to organize a [...]symposium on space law at the fifty-second session of the Subcommittee. daccess-ods.un.org |
作为 宣传活动的一部分，编纂司在埃塞俄比亚的非洲联盟、在中国 的 中国国 际 法学会 和亚 洲国际法学会以及在俄罗斯联邦的俄罗斯人民友谊大学和俄罗斯司法科学 院介绍了图书馆的情况。 daccess-ods.un.org | As part of its dissemination activities, the Codification Division made presentations of the Library at the African Union in Ethiopia, [...] the Chinese Society of [...] International Law and the Asian Society of International Law in China and the Peoples’ [...]Friendship University [...]of Russia and the Russian Academy of Justice in the Russian Federation.6 The Library has been accessed by users in 191 Member States. daccess-ods.un.org |
国际法学会在前文所述 1892 年决议第 28 条中曾经列举可驱逐外国人的十 点理由。 daccess-ods.un.org | The Institute of International Law had, in article 28 of its resolution [...] of 1892 cited above, already drawn up a list of [...]ten grounds on which aliens may be expelled. daccess-ods.un.org |
比如说，《伯尔尼公约》第 9 和第 10 款中规定：各国可以为国家立法中所 规 定的某些特定目的如 教 学 、 研 究和私人使 用，在未经授权的情况下对著作权作品进行有限的复制，只要这样做 不 会 妨 碍 著作权人对 其作品的正常利用（见第 5.1 文本框）。 iprcommission.org | So, for example, Articles 9 and [...] 10 of the Berne Convention permit countries to allow limited copying of protected works without permission for certain purposes defined in national legislation such as teaching, research and private use, [...]so long as these [...]do not interfere with the normal exploitation of the work by the copyright owner (see Box 5.1). iprcommission.org |
为 此，它纳入了国际法学会 1985 年决议中的几 大新成果：武装冲突的存在并不自 动造成条约的中止或终止。 daccess-ods.un.org | To that end it incorporates the key developments embodied by [...] the Institute of International Law in its 1985 resolution: the [...]existence of an armed conflict [...]does not ipso facto cause the suspension or termination of a treaty. daccess-ods.un.org |
出席了若干会议，包括毒品和吸毒上瘾研究所 全 国 大 会 的“干预制止模型—— 对毒品使用的高质非刑罪化”(2009 年)、与欧洲和地中海警察部队和具军事地位 宪兵部队协会举办的首届犯罪和社 会学 研 讨 会闭幕式(2006 年)、“恐怖主义受害 者：安全部队的心理社会反应”(2006 年)，此外还有部长理事会主席团制止毒品 委员会举办的关于吸毒上瘾问题的研讨会(2001 年)；欧洲委员会蓬皮杜小组组织 的关于刑法系统中毒品使用者和违法 者 问 题的研讨会的毒品和吸毒者问题小组 主席(1998 年)。 daccess-ods.un.org | Participated in a number of meetings, including “Deterrence model of intervention — quality decriminalization of drug use” at the [...] National Congress of [...] the Institute on Drugs and Drug Addiction (2009), the closing ceremony of the first Criminal and Social Sciences Seminar with the Association of the European and Mediterranean Police Forces and Gendarmeries with Military Status (FIEP) (2006), “Victims of terrorism: the response psychosocial of the security forces” (2006), in addition to seminars on drug addiction by the commissions for the drug deterrence of the Presidency of the Council of Ministers (2001); Chair of the panel on drugs and drug addicts at a seminar on drug users and offenders in the penal system, organized [...]by the Pompidou Group [...]of the Council of Europe, Strasbourg (1998). daccess-ods.un.org |
为了进一步加强与 30 多个机构的合作关系，该研究 院和澳大利亚研究委员会政策和安全高级研究中心 、 中国 驻 巴 黎 法 律 和 经济协 会以及国立台湾大学法律学 院签署了谅解备忘录。 daccess-ods.un.org | With a view to further enhancing its cooperative relationship with more than 30 institutions, the College signed memorandums of understanding with the Australian Research Council Centre of [...] Excellence in Policing and Security, [...] the Chinese law and economics association in Paris and the National Taiwan University College of Law. daccess-ods.un.org |
曾在哥伦比亚法学院、科隆法学院、捷 克 国 际 法学会 、 日内 瓦 国 际 法 委员会讨 论会、剑桥劳特帕赫特研究中心、 忠南大学（ 韩 国 大 田 ）、 韩 国国 际 法协会 （首尔）、海德拉巴纳尔萨大学（印度）、纽约大学法学院、格拉斯哥大学、 泛欧大学法学院、斯洛伐克国际法学会授课，并为哈佛法学院、巴黎第十大 学、维也纳大学、韦伯斯特大学和莱顿大学学生授课。 daccess-ods.un.org | Gave lectures at Columbia Law School, [...] Cologne Law School, Czech Society of International Law, ILC Seminar in Geneva, Lauterpacht Research Centre in Cambridge, Chungnam National University (Daejeon, Republic of Korea), Korean Society of International Law [...](Seoul), NALSAR Hyderabad [...](India), New York University School of Law, University of Glasgow, Paneuropean University School of Law, Slovak Society of International Law, and for students of Harvard Law School, University of Paris Ouest Nanterre-La Défense, University of Vienna, Webster University and Leiden University. daccess-ods.un.org |
3 月 19 日，国际空间法学会和欧洲空间法中 心 举 行了一次主题为“空间物 体所有权的转移：责任、赔偿责任和登记问题”的专题讨论会， 由 国 际 空 间法 学会的 Tanja Masson-Zwaan 和欧洲空间法中心的 Sergio Marchisio 联合主持。 daccess-ods.un.org | On 19 March, the International Institute of Space Law (IISL) and the European Centre for Space Law (ECSL) held a symposium on the theme “Transfer of ownership of space objects: issues of responsibility, liability and registration”, [...] which was [...]chaired by Tanja Masson-Zwaan of IISL and Sergio Marchisio of ECSL. daccess-ods.un.org |
日利亚大学法学士(1979 年)；罗格斯大学妇女全球领导地位协 会 ， 新泽西州，1999 年；美利坚大学华盛顿法学院人 权与人道主义法研究院， 美 国 ， 20 03 年；日内瓦 世界禁止酷刑组织关于在执行人权中 使 用国际人权文书的课程，以及发展联系组 织和妇发基金关于“赋权、艾滋病和暴力侵害妇女行为”的全球课程，2009 年。 daccess-ods.un.org | B, University of Nigeria (1979), Women’s Global Leadership Institute, Rutgers University, New Jersey 1999, Academy on Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, Washington College of Law, American University, USA 2003, Using International Human Rights Instruments in the Enforcement of Human Rights by OMCT Geneva and Global Course on “Empowerment, HIV and Violence against Women” by Development Connections and UNIFEM 2009. daccess-ods.un.org |
工作组还注意到，该建议将以小组委员会本届会议 上 国 际 空 间 法学会 / 欧 洲 空间 法中心专 题讨论会期间发表的意见为基础，并考虑到各国和学术界代表在过去 几十年所持的各种立场。 daccess-ods.un.org | The Working Group also noted that the proposal would be based on ideas expressed during the IISL/ECSL symposium at the current session of the Subcommittee and would take into account various positions taken by States and representatives of academia over the past few decades. daccess-ods.un.org |
工作组听取了 Olavo [...] Bittencourt（巴西）作的专题介绍，其中概要介绍了在 小组委员会本届会议间隙期间由国际 空 间 法学会 和 欧 洲空间 法 中 心 组办的主题 为“重新审视空气空间和外层空间划界问题”的专题讨论会上提出的主要意见 [...]和建议。 daccess-ods.un.org | The Working Group heard a presentation by Olavo Bittencourt (Brazil), summarizing the main ideas and proposals delivered at the symposium [...] on the theme “A new [...] look at the delimitation of airspace and outer space”, organized by the International [...]Institute of Space [...]Law (IISL) and the European Centre for Space Law (ECSL) on the margins of the current session of the Subcommittee. daccess-ods.un.org |
小组委员会欢迎国际空间法学会观察 员提供的关于该学会与空间法有关的 活动情况的信息，其中包括 Manfred Lachs 空间法模拟法庭竞赛、国际空间法学 会第 5 3 次学术讨论会、所支助或组织的其他会议和专题讨论会 、 国 际 空间法学 会出版物和报告，以及为纪念该学会五十周年而计划的特别活动。 daccess-ods.un.org | The Subcommittee welcomed the information provided by the observer for IISL on the activities of IISL relating to space law, including the Manfred Lachs Space Law Moot Court Competition, the 53rd IISL colloquium, other meetings and symposiums supported or organized, IISL publications and reports [...] and the special activities [...]planned for the commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Institute. daccess-ods.un.org |
国家法学家委员会还感到遗憾的是，工作组未涉及到有效防止酷刑的一些 关键问题，包括缺少真正及时、有效和单独会见律师的机会，对据称遭受酷刑或 虐待的人进行及时、独立的体检，以及司法机构对拘留合法性作有效审查。 daccess-ods.un.org | It also regretted that the Working Group had not addressed some of the key issues for the effective prevention of torture, including the lack of prompt, effective and confidential access to a lawyer, and the need for a prompt, independent medical examination of those alleging torture or ill-treatment, as well as effective review by judicial bodies of the legality of the detention. daccess-ods.un.org |
土耳其代表强调如下几点：(a) 该组织“欧洲——第 三世界中心”不尊重土耳其的领土完整和政治统一，一直在违背《联合国宪章》 的基本原则和理事会第 1996/31 号决议的基本要求；(b) 该组织一直在对土耳其 进行无事实根据并有政治动机的指控；(c) 该组织一直在煽动和纵容针对联合国 会员国的恐怖主义行动，而这是被国 际 法 所 禁 止的；(d) 该组织已经成为恐怖主 义组织库尔德工人党/库尔德国民大会的宣传工具；(e) 该组织未能考虑到土耳 其之前关于需要捍卫《联合国宪章》和理事会第 1996/31 号决议所规定的该国的 义务与责任的发言。 daccess-ods.un.org | The representative of Turkey underlined the following points: (a) the organization, Centre Europe-tiers monde had been failing to adhere to the basic principles of the Charter of the United Nations and the basic requirements set out in Council resolution 1996/31 by disrespecting the territorial integrity and political unity of Turkey; (b) the organization [...] had been undertaking [...] unsubstantiated and politically motivated allegations against Turkey; (c) the organization had been inciting and condoning acts of terrorism against States Members of the United Nations, which is prohibited under international law; (d) the organization had become a propaganda vehicle of the terrorist organization PKK/Kongra-Gel; and (e) the organization had not taken into consideration [...]earlier statements [...]of Turkey regarding the need to uphold its obligations and responsibilities under the Charter and Council resolution 1996/31. daccess-ods.un.org |
参与此次交易的另外21家银行包括：Rabobank International、苏格兰皇家银行与苏格兰皇家银行（德国）有限公司、海湾第一银行新加坡分行、印度海外银行新加坡分行、卡塔尔国家银行新加坡分行、大华银行有限公司、澳大利亚和新西兰银行集团有限公司、三菱东京UFJ银行株 式 会 社 新加坡分行、英国阿拉伯商业银行 、 中国 信 托 商业银行有限公司新加坡分行、瑞弗森国际银行集团有限公司新加坡分行、东亚银行有限公司新加坡分行、天顶银行(英国)有限公司、巴西银行、台湾银行新加坡分行、恒生银行有限公司、泰京银行（大众）有限公司新加坡分行、兆丰国际商业银行股份有限公司新加坡分行、印尼国家银行新加坡分行以及阿拉 伯 法 国 联 合银行。 tipschina.gov.cn | The 21 participating banks joining the Bookrunning Mandated Lead Arrangers in the transaction include: Rabobank International, The Royal Bank of Scotland plc and RBS (Deutschland) AG, First Gulf Bank PJSC, Singapore Branch, Indian Overseas Bank, Singapore Branch, Qatar National Bank SAQ, Singapore Branch, United Overseas Bank Limited, Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited, The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Limited, Singapore Branch, British Arab Commercial Bank plc, Chinatrust Commercial Bank Co. tipschina.gov.cn |
与会者对新的计划管理周期现采用自上而下和自下而上的互动做法表示满意，预计这 种做法会给地区办事处和全国委员 会在拟定下一个计划与预算时以更多的职责，同时一致强 调指出，为编写文件 C/5 或为被视为教科文组织中主要工作组成部分的任何事项能举行的多 国磋商和地区磋商都不应由参与计划，而应由正常计划项下的其它资源提供资金（参见附件 III 中所附磋商会议通过的决议）。 unesdoc.unesco.org | While expressing their satisfaction that the new programme management cycle now allows not only a top-down but also a bottom-up interaction which is expected to give a more important role to field offices and National Commissions in the design of the next programmes and budgets, participants unanimously stressed that cluster and regional consultations for the purpose of the preparation of the C/5 document or for any issue considered to be part and parcel of UNESCO’s core business shall not be funded from the Participation Programme but from other sources under the regular programme (see resolution adopted by the Consultation which is attached as Annex III). unesdoc.unesco.org |
欧洲空间局（欧空局）观察员（介绍了欧空局和欧洲空间 法 中 心 的 各项活 动）、欧洲通信卫星组织观察员、国 际 空 间 法学会 观 察员 、 国 际 法协会观察员 和国际空间通信组织观察员和常设仲裁法院观察员在议程项目 6 下作了发言。 daccess-ods.un.org | Statements were made by the observers for the European Space Agency (ESA) (on the activities of ESA and ECSL), the European Telecommunications Satellite Organization (EUTELSAT-IGO), IISL, the International Law Association (ILA), Intersputnik and the Permanent Court of Arbitration under agenda item 6. daccess-ods.un.org |
直到委员会包含 17 个有 关各方（其中包括教科文组织、非洲联盟、非洲开发银行、非洲虚拟 大 学 、 法国 大 使 馆、意 大利合作机构和以色列合作机构）。 unesdoc.unesco.org | The steering committee comprised 17 stakeholders (including [...] UNESCO, the [...] African Union, the African Development Bank, the African Virtual Campus, the French Embassy, the Italian Development Cooperation Agency and Israel’s Agency [...]for International Development Cooperation). unesdoc.unesco.org |
为此，特别报告向政府提出了一些建议，包括必须解决持续存在种族歧视和 仇外心理、缺乏明文禁止这种行为的 立 法 、 移 民在劳动部门受到剥削、 司 法 部门 和警方不出面干预以保护移民权利、对身份不正常的移民采取严格的拘留和遣返 的政策、移民儿童难以在日本学校或 外 国学 校 取得教育、以及总体上缺乏尊重移 民人权、确保移民融入日本社会的全面的移民政策。 daccess-ods.un.org | In this context, the Special Rapporteur makes a number of recommendations to the Government, including the need to address the persistence of racial [...] discrimination and xenophobia [...] and the lack of legislation that manifestly prohibits these conducts, the exploitation of migrants in the labour sector, the lack of interventions by the judiciary and police to protect migrants’ rights, the strict policy of detention and deportation of irregular migrants, the difficulties for migrant children to access education either in Japanese or foreign schools, and the overall [...]lack of a comprehensive [...]immigration policy that respects the human rights of migrants and ensures their integration into the Japanese society. daccess-ods.un.org |
它还可使工作人员参加国际法研究所提供的关于司 法和法院行政及案件管理的培训班(4 100 美元)，并出席美国国际法学会年会 以 增强对成为一般国际组织的机构法基础的原则及特别是适用于管理评价股审理 案件的国际法一般原则的理解(2 100 美元)。 daccess-ods.un.org | It would also allow participation in the training course on judicial and court administration and caseload [...] management offered by the [...] International Law Institute ($4,100) and attendance at the annual meeting of the American Society of International Law to improve understanding [...]of the principles [...]underpinning the institutional law of international organizations, in general, and the general principles of international law applicable to cases before the Management Evaluation Unit, in particular ($2,100). daccess-ods.un.org |
2006 年，联合国大会批准 了国际公务员制度委员会（ICSC）的建议，引入 一项特定措施来解决涉及巴黎教科文组织的一个具体问题：由于某些工作人员的 子女缺乏语言能力或未学习过法国学 校 的 课程，他们难以适应当地的法语或双语 学校。 unesdoc.unesco.org | In 2006, [...] the General Assembly approved ICSC’s recommendation to introduce a special measure to deal with a particular issue affecting UNESCO in Paris, where the children of some staff members lacked the language skills or experience of the French curriculum to be readily integrated into local French or bilingual schools. unesdoc.unesco.org |
塔什干国际会议是筹备世界水论坛的一个重要阶段，来自 32 个国家的 350 多名专家、杰出科学家、 环境保护主义者和水资源管理专家，以及大约 30 个有 影响力的国际组织和金融机构的代表出席 了 会 议 ， 其 中 包 括联 合 国 及 其 各个机 构、世界水事理事会、全球水事伙伴关系、世界银行、亚洲开发银行、欧洲经济 委员会、国际挽救咸海基金、美国国际开发署、国际排灌委员会、国际大坝委员 会和其他机构。 daccess-ods.un.org | The international conference in Tashkent, which marked an important stage in the preparations for the World Water Forum, was attended by more than 350 experts, prominent scientists, environmentalists and water management specialists from 32 countries, as well as representatives of some 30 influential international organizations and financial institutions, including the United Nations and its agencies, the World Water Council, the Global Water Partnership, the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the Economic Commission for Europe, the International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage, the International Commission on Large Dams and other bodies. daccess-ods.un.org |
大会第六十五届会议吁请会员国制订适当的国家法律和(或)措施，以符合国 际法的方式，防止和打击常规武器和可能导致大规模毁灭性武器及其运载工具扩 [...] 散的材料、设备和技术的非法中介活动；确认区域和次区域两级防止和打击非法 [...] 中介活动的努力可以加强各国在这方面作出的努力；强调国际合作和援助、能力 建设和信息共享对于防止和打击非 法中 介 活 动至关重要；并且鼓 励 会 员 国 酌 情 借 助民间社会的相关专门知识，制定有效措施来防止和打击非法中介活动(第 [...]65/75 号决议)。 daccess-ods.un.org | At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly called upon Member States to establish appropriate national laws and/or measures to prevent and combat the illicit brokering of conventional arms and of materials, equipment and technology that could contribute to the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery, in a manner consistent with international law; acknowledged that national efforts to prevent and combat illicit brokering activities can be reinforced by such efforts at the regional and subregional levels; emphasized the importance of international cooperation and assistance, capacity-building and [...] information-sharing in preventing and [...] combating illicit brokering activities; and encouraged Member States to draw, where [...]appropriate, on the [...]relevant expertise of civil society in developing effective measures to prevent and combat illicit brokering activities (resolution 65/75). daccess-ods.un.org |
以下发言者作了发言：佩特科·德拉加诺夫先生，贸 发 会 议 副 秘书长；古 巴代表，代表 77 国集团和中国发言 ；尼泊尔代表，代表最不发达国家发言；孟 加拉国代表，代表亚洲集团发言；埃及代表，代表非洲集团发言；比利时代表， 代表欧洲联盟发言；多米尼加共和国代表，代表拉丁美洲和加勒比国家集团发 言；美利坚合众国代表；中国代表 ；土耳其代表；莱索托代表 ； 法国 代 表 ；埃 塞俄比亚代表；泰国代表；委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国代表；也门代表；以及安 哥拉代表。 daccess-ods.un.org | The following speakers made statements: Mr. Petko Draganov, Deputy Secretary-General of UNCTAD; the representative of Cuba, [...] speaking on behalf of the [...] Group of 77 and China; the representative of Nepal, speaking on behalf of the Least Developed Countries (LDCs); the representative of Bangladesh, speaking on behalf of the Asian Group; the representative of Egypt, speaking on behalf of the African Group; the representative of Belgium, speaking on behalf of the European Union; the representative of the Dominican Republic, speaking on behalf of the Group of Latin American and Caribbean Countries (GRULAC); the representative of the United States of America; the representative of China; the representative of Turkey; the representative of Lesotho; the representative of France; the representative [...]of Ethiopia; the representative [...]of Thailand; the representative of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela; the representative of Yemen; and the representative of Angola. daccess-ods.un.org |
最后，我国代表 团谨表示强烈支持安理会今天将 要通过的主席声明草案，也强烈支持要求秘书长编写 一份他 2004 年关于冲突中和冲突后社会法治和过渡 司法的报告(S/2004/616)的后续报告。 daccess-ods.un.org | Finally, my delegation [...] would like to express its strong support for the draft presidential statement that the Council will adopt today and for the request to the Secretary-General to prepare a follow-up to his 2004 report on the rule of law and transitional justice in conflict [...]and post-conflict societies (S/2004/616). daccess-ods.un.org |
为了支持和鼓励会员国制定国家青年政策，教科文组织参加了与青年政策有关的 几次重要会议和一些工作组，它们是：欧洲委员会研讨会“给文化重新定位：关于青 年 中的 多 样性、种族主义、性别和特性的思考”（匈牙利，布达佩斯，2003 年 6 月 10 日-15 日）， 欧洲委员会青年政策指标特设工作组的所有三 次 会 议 （ 法国 斯 特拉斯堡，2002 年 12 月 13 日-14 日；匈牙利布达佩斯，2002 年 7 月 1 日-3 日和法国斯特拉斯堡，2003 年 3 月 26 日-27 日）；国际青年政策大会（西班牙毕尔巴鄂，2003 [...] 年 3 月 19 日-21 [...] 日）；欧洲部长会议“青 年建设欧洲”希腊塞萨洛尼基，2002 年 11 月 7 日-9 日）；伊美青年部长会议（西班牙萨拉 曼卡，2002 年 10 月 21 日-22 日）；联合国全球青年政策会议（芬兰赫尔辛基，2002 年 10 月 6 日-11 日）。 unesdoc.unesco.org | In order to support and encourage Member States to develop national youth policies, UNESCO participated in a few important meetings and working groups concerning youthrelated policies, namely: the Council of Europe Research Seminar “Re-situating Culture: Reflections on Diversity, Racism, Gender and [...] Identity in the context of Youth” [...] (Budapest, Hungary, 10-15 June, 2003); all three meetings of the Council of Europe task force on Youth Policy Indicators (Strasbourg, France, 13-14 December 2002; Budapest, Hungary, 1-3 July 2002 and Strasbourg, France, 26-27 March 2003); [...]the [...]International Congress on Youth Policies (Bilbao, Spain, 19-21 March 2003); the European Conference of Ministers “Youth constructing Europe” (Thessaloniki, Greece, 7-9 November 2002); the IX Ibero-American Conference of Youth Ministers (Salamanca, Spain, 21-22 October 2002); the United Nations Meeting on Global Policies for Youth (Helsinki, Finland, 6-11 October 2002). unesdoc.unesco.org |
英汉双解词典包含2273206条英汉词条，基本涵盖了全部常用单词的翻译及用法，是英语学习的有利工具。