Kazakhstan
/ˌkæzəkˈstɑːn/- a republic in central Asia, on the southern border of Russia, extending from the Caspian Sea eastwards to the Altai Mountains and China; population 15,399,400 (est. 2009); languages, Kazakh (official), Russian; capital, Astana.哈萨克斯坦共和国（中亚共和国, 与俄罗斯南部接壤, 国土由里海向东伸展直至阿尔泰山脉和中国; 2009年估计人口15,399, 400; 语言哈萨克语［官方语言］, 俄语; 首都阿斯塔拉）。
The Turkic tribes of Kazakhstan were overrun by the Mongols in the 13th century, and the region was eventually absorbed into the Russian empire. Kazakhstan formed a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, becoming an independent republic within the Commonwealth of Independent States in 1991.