1
- the name of six rulers of Russia俄国六位君主的名字:
1.1
- Ivan Ⅰ (c. 1304-41), grand duke of Muscovy 1328-40. He strengthened and enlarged the duchy, making Moscow the ecclesiastical capital in 1326.伊凡一世(约1304-1341,1328-1340年为莫斯科大公, 巩固并扩大了公国领地, 1326年使莫斯科成为宗教中心)。
1.2
- Ivan Ⅱ (1326-59), grand duke of Muscovy 1353-9; known as Ivan the Red伊凡二世(1326-1359,1353-1359年为莫斯科大公; 通称“红伊凡”)。
1.3
- Ivan Ⅲ (1440-1505), grand duke of Muscovy 1462-1505; known as Ivan the Great. He consolidated and enlarged his territory, defending it against a Tartar invasion in 1480 and adopting the title 'Ruler of all Russia' in 1472.伊凡三世(1440-1505,1462-1505年为莫斯科大公; 通称“伊凡大帝”; 他巩固并扩大了疆域, 1480年成功挫败了鞑靼人的入侵, 1472年改称 "Ruler of all Russia")。
1.4
- Ivan Ⅳ (1530-84), grand duke of Muscovy 1533-47 and first tsar of Russia 1547-84; known as Ivan the Terrible. He captured Kazan, Astrakhan, and Siberia, but the Tartar siege of Moscow and the Polish victory in the Livonian War (1558-82) left Russia weak and divided. In 1581 he killed his eldest son Ivan in a fit of rage, the succession passing to his mentally handicapped second son Fyodor.伊凡四世(1530-1584,1533-1547年为莫斯科大公, 1547-1584年为俄国第一位沙皇; 通称“伊凡雷帝”; 他攻占了喀山、阿斯特拉罕和西伯利亚, 但鞑靼人围攻莫斯科以及1558-1582年利福尼亚战争中波兰的胜利使俄国国力衰退, 四分五裂; 1581年暴怒中他杀死了长子伊凡, 王位传给了弱智的次子费奥多)。
1.5
- Ivan Ⅴ (1666-96), nominal tsar of Russia 1682-96伊凡五世(1666-1696,1682-1696年期间为名义上的俄国沙皇)。
1.6
- Ivan Ⅵ (1740-64), infant tsar of Russia 1740-1伊凡六世(1740-1764,1740-1741年婴儿时期为俄国沙皇)。