1
- denoting a verbal action, an instance of this, or its result表示“动作（或动作过程、动作结果）”：
fighting
outing
building.
1.1
- denoting a verbal action relating to an occupation, skill, etc.表示“与职业、技能等有关的动作”：
banking
ice skating
welding.
2
- denoting material used for or associated with a process etc.表示“某一过程使用的材料”, “与某一过程相关的材料”：
cladding
piping.
2.1
- denoting something involved in an action or process but with no corresponding verb表示“与某一动作（或过程）有关的东西（无相应动词）”：
sacking.
3
- forming the gerund of verbs (such as painting as in I love painting)构成动词的动名词, 如I love painting 中的 painting。
词源
Old English -ung, -ing, of Germanic origin.
1
- forming the present participle of verbs构成动词的现在分词：
doing
calling.
1.1
- forming present participles used as adjectives［构成用作形容词的现在分词］：
charming.
2
- forming adjectives from nouns［构成来自名词的形容词］：
hulking.
词源
Middle English: alteration of earlier -ende, later -inde.