- solid, firm, and rigid; not easily broken, bent, or pierced坚实的; 牢固的; 坚硬的：
a hard mattress
硬垫子
rub the varnish down when it's hard.
等清漆硬了以后把它磨平。
- (of a person) not showing any signs of weakness; tough（人）坚强的; 能力强的; 能应付困境的：
only a handful are hard enough to join the SAS.
只有屈指可数的几个够坚强的人可以加入英国特种航空队。
- (of prices of shares, commodities, etc.) high and stable; firm（股票价格, 商品价格）稳健的。
- (of science fiction) scientifically accurate rather than purely fantastic or whimsical（科幻小说）具有科学准确性（而非纯粹幻想或离奇古怪）的, 硬（科幻）的：
a hard SF novel.
硬科幻小说。
- done with a great deal of force or strength猛烈的, 沉重的：
a hard whack.
重击。
- requiring a great deal of endurance or effort难以忍受的; 困苦的：
airship-flying was pretty hard work
驾驶飞艇曾是件艰苦的工作
it's hard for drummers these days
最近旅行推销员的日子不好过
with infinitive she found it hard to believe that he could be involved.她感到很难相信他会卷入其中。
- putting a lot of energy into an activity努力的：
he'd been a hard worker all his life
他一辈子努力工作
everyone has been hard at work.
所有的人都一直努力工作。
- difficult to bear; causing suffering难以承受的; 艰苦的：
times were hard at the end of the war
战争结束后生活十分艰苦
he'd had a hard life.
他一生艰辛。
- difficult to understand or solve难懂的; 难解的：
this is a really hard question.
这真是个令人费解的问题。
- not showing sympathy or affection; strict冷酷无情的; 严格的：
he can be such a hard taskmaster.
他就会是这么一个冷酷的工头。
- denoting an extreme or dogmatic faction within a political party（政党内部派别）极端的; 固执己见的：
the hard left.
极左派。
- (of a season or the weather) severe（季节, 天气）严酷的; 凛冽的：
it's been a long, hard winter.
这是个漫长而严酷的冬天。
- harsh or unpleasant to the senses（感觉上）难受的; 刺目的; 刺耳的; 令人不快的：
the hard light of morning.
上午刺目的强光。
- (of wine) harsh or sharp to the taste, especially because of tannin（尤指葡萄酒因含有单宁酸而）苦涩的; 烈的。
- (of information) reliable, especially because based on something true or substantiated（信息, 资料）可靠的; 确凿无疑的; 真实的：
hard facts about the underclass are maddeningly elusive.
有关下层阶级的真实情况令人恼火地难以捉摸。
- (of a subject of study) dealing with precise and verifiable facts（学科）实证的, 硬的：
efforts to turn psychology into hard science.
把心理学变成硬科学的努力。
- very potent, powerful, or intense, in particular有力的, 强烈的, 尤指：
- (of liquor) strongly alcoholic; spirit rather than beer or wine（烈性酒）烈性强的, 度数高的（指烈酒而非啤酒或葡萄酒）。
- (of a drug) potent and addictive（毒品）毒性强的; 易上瘾的。
- (of radiation) highly penetrating（辐射）穿透力强的。
- (of pornography) highly obscene and explicit（色情作品）淫秽的; 极黄色的。
- (of water) containing mineral salts that make lathering difficult（水）含无机盐的。
- (of a consonant) pronounced as a velar plosive (as c in cat, g in go)（辅音）软腭爆破音（如cat中的c, go中的g）。
- with a great deal of effort努力地：
they work hard at school.
他们在学校努力学习。
- with a great deal of force; violently猛烈地：
it was raining hard.
雨下得很大。
- so as to be solid or firm变坚硬地：
the mortar has set hard.
灰泥已经变干硬了。
- to the fullest extent possible在最大程度上; 满满地; 完全的：
put the wheel hard over to starboard.
右满舵。
- Brit. a road leading down across a foreshore〈英〉海滩路。
be hard on
- treat or criticize (someone) severely严厉对待; 苛待; 苛责：
you're being too hard on her.
你对她太严厉了。
- be difficult for or unfair to使受苦; 对…不公平：
I think the war must have been hard on her.
我想战争一定使她吃了不少苦。
- be likely to hurt or damage对…有害：
the monitor flickers, which is hard on the eyes.
显示器闪烁不定, 这对眼睛有害。
be hard put (to it)
- usu. with infinitive find it very difficult觉得…很难; 很难做到：
you'll be hard put to find a better compromise.
你很难找到比这更好的折中办法。
give someone a hard time
- informal deliberately make a situation difficult for someone〈非正式〉有意为难某人。
go hard with
- dated turn out to (someone's) disadvantage〈旧〉对…不利：
it would go hard with the poor.
这会对穷人不利。
hard and fast
- usu. with negative(of a rule or a distinction made) fixed and definitive（规则, 差别）不可更动的; 无法改变的。
hard as nails
- 见NAIL.
hard at it
- informal busily working or occupied〈非正式〉忙得不可开交：
they were hard at it with brooms and mops.
他们忙着用扫帚和拖把打扫卫生。
hard by
- close to靠近：
he lived hard by the cathedral.
他住的地方离大教堂很近。
hard done by
- Brit. harshly or unfairly treated〈英〉被虐待; 受到不公平对待：
she would be justified in feeling hard done by.
要是她觉得受到了虐待, 这完全有道理。
hard feelings
- usu. with negative feelings of resentment怨恨：
there are no hard feelings and we wish him well.
我们一点也不怨恨, 我们希望他好。
hard going
- difficult to understand or enjoy难理解的, 难懂的; 缺少乐趣的：
the studying is at times hard going.
研究有时是很困难的。
hard hit
- badly affected受到严重影响, 受到严重打击：
Trinidad had been hard hit by falling oil prices.
特立尼达受到石油价格下跌的严重打击。
hard luck（或lines）
- Brit. informal used to express sympathy or commiserations〈英, 非正式〉［用于表示同情、怜悯、遗憾、可惜］真可惜; 真遗憾：
ironic 〈讽〉if you don't like it then hard luck.
如果你不喜欢它, 那真是可惜。
a hard nut to crack
- informal a person or thing that is difficult to understand or influence〈非正式〉棘手之事, 难对付的人。
hard of hearing
- not able to hear well听不清楚。
hard on （或 upon）
- close to; following soon after紧跟着：
hard on the heels of Wimbledon comes the Henley Regatta.
温布尔登网球赛之后紧跟着就是亨里赛舟会。
hard up
- informal short of money〈非正式〉没钱, 手头紧：
I'm too hard up to buy fancy clothes.
我手头太紧, 买不起漂亮的衣服。
the hard way
- through suffering or learning from the unpleasant consequences of mistakes来之不易：
his reputation was earned the hard way.
他的盛名来之不易。
play hard to get
- informal deliberately adopt an aloof or uninterested attitude, typically in order to make oneself more attractive or interesting〈非正式〉（为吸引对方而）故作冷漠; 故作不感兴趣。
put the hard word on
- Austral./NZ informal ask a favour of (someone), especially a sexual or financial one〈澳/新, 非正式〉（尤指在性或金钱上）提出要求。
- put pressure on (someone)向…施压。