Fraunhofer
/ˈfraʊnˌhəʊfə(r),〈德〉 ˈfraʊnˌhoːfɐ/Fraunhofer, Joseph von (1787-1826), German optician and pioneer in spectroscopy. He observed and mapped the dark lines in the solar spectrum (Fraunhofer lines) which result from the absorption of particular frequencies of light by elements present in the outer layers; these are now used to determine the chemical composition of the sun and stars.
夫琅和费, 约瑟夫·冯（1787-1826, 德国光学仪器制造家, 光谱学先驱, 观察并绘制了太阳光谱中的暗线, 即夫琅和费线, 这些暗线是由于存在于大气圈外层的元素吸收了特定频率的光而产生的, 夫琅和费线现用于测定太阳和其他恒星的化学成分）。