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Toynbee1, Arnold (1852-83), English economist and social reformer. He taught both undergraduates and workers' adult education classes in Oxford and worked with the poor in London's East End. He is best known for his pioneering work The Industrial Revolution (1884). 汤因比, 阿诺德（1852-1883, 英国经济学家和社会改革家; 他曾在牛津大学教过本科及工人成人学生, 并与伦敦东区贫民一道工作过; 他最有名的著作是具开拓性的《工业革命》[1884]）。
Toynbee2, Arnold (Joseph) (1889-1975), English historian. He is best known for his twelve-volume Study of History (1934-61), in which he traced the pattern of growth, maturity, and decay of different civilizations. 汤因比, 阿诺德（·约瑟夫）（1889-1975, 英国历史学家; 他最有名的著作是探索各种文明兴起, 成熟及衰败模式的12卷本《历史研究》[1934-1961]）。
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