- identifying the agent performing an action［表明施动者］由, 被：
- after a passive verb［用于被动式动词之后］：
the door was opened by my cousin Annie
门是被我表妹安妮打开的
damage caused by fire.
火灾造成的毁坏。
- after a noun denoting an action［用于表动作的名词之后］：
further attacks by the Mob
黑手党的进一步攻击
a clear decision by the electorate.
选民所作的明确决定。
- identifying the author of a text, idea, or work of art［表明文本、观点或艺术品的作者］：
a book by Ernest Hemingway.
欧内斯特·海明威写的一本书。
- often with verbal noun indicating the means of achieving something表示获得的方法凭借, 用, 通过：
malaria can be controlled by attacking the parasite
疟疾可用灭杀寄生虫的方法加以控制
substantiating their opinions by the use of precise textual reference
用准确的原文引语来证实他们的观点
they plan to provide further working capital by means of borrowing.
他们打算用借款的方法来提供更多流动资金。
- indicating a term to which an interpretation is to be assigned表示需诠释的词：
what is meant by 'fair'?
"fair"是什么意思？
- indicating a name according to which a person is known表示为人所知的名字：
she mostly calls me by my last name.
她通常叫我的姓。
- indicating the means of transport selected for a journey表示旅行所用的交通工具：
the cost of travelling by bus
乘汽车旅行的花费
travelling by road to Aylsham.
乘汽车去艾尔舍姆。
- indicating the other parent of someone's child or children［表示孩子（们）的另一位家长］由…所生：
Richard is his son by his third wife.
理查德是他和第三位妻子所生的儿子。
- indicating the sire of a pedigree animal, especially a horse表示纯种动物的亲畜, 尤指种马：
a black filly by Goldfuerst.
金费尔斯特所生的黑牝马。
- (followed by a noun without a determiner) in various phrases indicating how something happens［用于各种短语, 后接不带限定词的名词, 表示事情如何发生］：
I heard by chance that she has married again
我偶然听说她又结婚了
Anderson, by contrast, rejects this view
相反, 安德森拒绝接受这个观点
she ate by candlelight.
她在烛光下就餐。
- indicating the amount or size of a margin表示幅度以…之差, 相差…：
the shot missed her by miles
那一枪没打中她, 差了十万八千里
the raising of VAT by 2.5%.
增值税提高2.5%.
- indicating a quantity or amount表示数量或数额按…计算：
billing is by the minute
以分钟计账
the drunken yobbos who turned up by the cartload.
一车一车出现的醉酒无赖。
- in phrases indicating something happening repeatedly or progressively, typically with repetition of a unit of time表示某物反复发生或逐渐发生, 尤用于表时间重复的短语中（一个）又（一个）, （一个）接着（一个）：
colours changing minute by minute
每分钟都在变化的颜色
the risk becomes worse by the day.
危险与日俱增。
- identifying a parameter表明参量根据, 按：
a breakdown of employment figures by age and occupation.
按年龄和职业划分的就业数据分类。
- expressing multiplication, especially in dimensions表乘法, 尤用于面积乘：
a map measuring 400 by 600mm
一幅400乘600毫米的地图
she multiplied it by 89.
她把它乘以89。
- indicating a deadline or the end of a particular time period表示截止日期或某时段的终止到…之前; 不迟于：
I've got to do this report by Monday
我星期一之前必须做汇报
by now Kelly needed extensive physiotherapy.
到这时, 凯利需要做全面的理疗了。
- indicating location of a physical object beside a place or object在…旁边, 靠近：
remains were discovered by the roadside
残骸在路边被发现
the pram was by the dresser.
婴儿车在带镜衣橱旁边。
- past and beyond通过; 经过：
I drove by our house.
我开车经过我们家。
- indicating the period in which something happens在…的时候：
this animal always hunts by night.
这种动物总在夜间捕食。
- concerning; according to关于; 根据：
anything you do is all right by me
你做的任何事依我看都是对的
she had done her duty by him.
她已尽了对他的义务。
- used in mild oaths用于誓言中以…的名义：
it was the least he could do, by God.
这是他所能做的最起码的事情了, 上帝可作证。
ORIGIN: partly translating French par 'through the medium or agency of'.
- so as to go past经过; 过去：
a car flashed by on the other side of the road
一辆汽车在路的另一边飞驰而过
he let only a moment go by.
他只休息了片刻。
by and by
- before long; eventually不久; 最终。
by the by（或bye）
- incidentally; parenthetically顺便提一句; 插上一句：
where's Hector, by the by?
顺便问一句, 赫克托在哪？
by and large
- on the whole; everything considered总的说来; 大体上：
mammals have, by and large, bigger brains than reptiles.
总的说来, 哺乳动物的脑比爬行动物大。
ORIGIN: originally in nautical use, describing the handling of a ship both to the wind and off it.
by oneself
- alone单独地：
living in Farley Court by himself.
他独自住在法利大楼。
- unaided独力地：
the patient often learns to undress by himself.
病人常要学习自己脱衣服。
by way of
- 见WAY.