bureaucracy
/bjʊəˈrɒkrəsɪ/noun
(pl. -ies)［mass noun］
1- a system of government in which most of the important decisions are taken by state officials rather than by elected representatives官僚制度。
1.1
- count noun a state or organization governed or managed according to such a system官僚机构, 官僚国家。
1.2
- count noun the officials in such a system, considered as a group or hierarchy官僚阶层。
1.3
- excessively complicated administrative procedure, seen as characteristic of such a system官僚作风：
the unnecessary bureaucracy in local government.
地方政府无谓的官僚作风。
词源
early 19th cent.: from French bureaucratie, from bureau （see BUREAU）.