formal <正式>
1
- stubborn or unmanageable倔强的; 难驾驭的：
his refractory pony.
他那匹桀骜不驯的马驹。
2
- resistant to a process or stimulus耐刺激的：
some granules are refractory to secretory stimuli.
有些小粒是耐分泌性刺激的。
2.1
- Medicine (of a person, illness, or diseased tissue) not yielding to treatment【医】（人、疾病或病态组织）对治疗无反应的, 难治的：
healing of previously refractory ulcers.
治愈先前对治疗无反应的溃疡。
2.2
- Medicine, rare (of a person or animal) resistant to infection【医】〈罕〉（人或动物）抗感染的, 不易感染的。
2.3
- technical (of a substance) resistant to heat; hard to melt or fuse〈技〉（物质）耐高温的; 难熔炼的。
派生词
refractoriness
noun词源
early 17th cent.: alteration of obsolete refractary, from Latin refractarius 'stubborn' （see also REFRACT）.